a maturational period where our brain is particularly sensitive to a certain type of information
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continuity
gradual development from infant temperament into later personality
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discontinuity
changes in infant mobility, like rolling over or walking
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heredity
the genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring
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heritability
an estimate of the genetic proportion of the variation in some specific trait
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schemas
mental framework that helps process how the world works
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accommodation
The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema
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assimilation
The incorporation of new learning into an existing schema without the need to revise the schema
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equilibration
The process by which a child engages in assimilation and accommodation in order to make sense of the world
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sensorimotor stage
Jean Piaget’s stage of development beginning at birth and ending at the age of 2 years and characterized by active exploration of the environment
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object permanence
ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present
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circular reactions
repetitive actions observed in children during the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development
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primary circular reaction
action on their own body
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secondary circular reaction
interest in other objects (4-8 months)
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tertiary circular reaction
goal-oriented (12 months)
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preoperational stage
Jean Piaget’s stage of development beginning at the age of 2 years and ending at the age of 6 years and characterized by use of symbols, egocentrism, and limits on the ability to reason logically
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longitudinal study
data from the same group of participants is collected at intervals across a long period of time (decades)
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cross-sectional study
data is obtained simultaneously from participants of different ages in order to make age-related comparisons
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egocentrism
Limitations on the ability to understand the point of view of other people
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conservation
The ability to understand that changing the form or appearance of an object does not change its quantity
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concrete operational stage
Jean Piaget’s stage of development beginning at the age of 6 years and ending at the age of 12 years and characterized by logical but not abstract reasoning
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formal operational stage
Jean Piaget’s stage of development beginning at age 12 and extending through adulthood and characterized by mature reasoning capabilities
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TOM (theory of mind)
the understanding that others have thoughts that are different from one’s own
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false belief test
type of task used in theory of mind studies in which a child must infer that others don’t possess the same knowledge that they do
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attachment
Emotional bond linking an infant to a parent or caregiver
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secure attachment
A pattern of infant–caregiver bonding in which children explore confidently and return to the parent or caregiver for reassurance
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Insecure-Resistant (anxious-ambivalent)
clings to caregiver, gets upset, both wants and resists comfort
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Insecure-Avoidant (anxious-avoidant)
little distress when caregiver leaves, avoids the caregiver upon their return
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authoritative
High parental support and high behavioural regulation
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authoritarian
High behavioural regulation and low parental support
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indulgent
Low behavioural regulation and high parental support
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uninvolved
Low behavioural regulation and low parental support
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Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development
every stage of identity features a developmental challenge that must be confronted in order to successfully progress. First lifespan theory of development
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Erikson model: Birth
trust vs mistrust
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Erikson model: Adolescence
identity vs role
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Erikson model: Early adulthood
intimacy vs isolation
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zone of proximal development
In Vygotsky’s theory, tasks that the child can accomplish with the assistance of more experienced or knowledgeable individuals
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scaffolding
the process that enables a child to solve a problem, which would be beyond his unassisted efforts
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preferential looking technique
spontaneous looking and listening behaviours towards visual and auditory stimuli
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orienting reflex
occurs when someone is confronted with a personally significant stimulus
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synaptic pruning
natural process of the brain eliminating extra synapses between early childhood and adulthood
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Genie
victim of severe abuse, neglect and social isolation so she wasn’t able to acquire a language because she had not completed a first language before her critical period ended
* research subject of language acquisition
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Harry Harlow
attachement in Rhesus Monkeys
* contradicts behaviourist perspective
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Strange Situation test
semi-structured laboratory procedure that allows us to identify, without lengthy home observation, infants who effectively use a primary caregiver as a secure base
Studied by 15 people
