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Cell Theory
Circulatory System
Made up of the heart (an organ), plus blood vessels and blood. Its main purpose is to deliver nutrients, move gases, and remove waste products.
Cytoplasm
A Jelly-like material that fills the cell and surrounds the organelles. Food and oxygen move through the cytoplasm to the organelles.
Cell Membrane
A thin covering allowing only certain materials in or out. It also holds the cytoplasm.
Organelles
Tiny parts within the cell that have special functions that help the cell survive, grow, and reproduce.
Membrane (Organelle Membrane)
Keeps different parts of the cell separate from one another.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A folded organelle that makes proteins.
Golgi Apparatus.
A folded organelle that combines proteins made by the endoplasmic reticulum and delivers them to the rest of the cell and outside the cell.
Mitochondria
The powerhouses of the cell. These membrane-bound organelles break down food particles and release their stored energy. The cell uses this energy to fuel all of its activities.
Vacuole
A large, sac-like organelle that stores excess food, waste, and other substances. They are membrane-bounded
Chloroplasts (Only in plant cells)
Membrane-bound organelles that contain a green substance called chlorophyll. (Only found in plant cells)
Chlorophyll (Only in plant cells)
Uses the sun's energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.
Nucleus
A large organelle that is easy to see under magnification. It acts as the brain of the cell, and controls its activities, such as growth.
Cell Wall (Only in plant cells)
The rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane.It provides the cell with strength and support. Materials pass in or out of the cell through the pores of the cell wall.
Ribosomes
Tiny Organelles that help make protein. There are many of these organelles in the cytoplasm.
Lysosomes
Organelles that break down food and digest wastes.
Why are cells stained?
Because they do not have much coloring, so light passes through them.
Micrograph
A photograph taken with a microscope.
Permeable
Allowing liquids or gasses to pass through easily.
Impermeable
Not allowing fluids to pass through.
Selectively Permeable
Only allowing certain substances to pass through it.
Cellular Transport
The movement of substances into and out of a cell. This involves several different processes, such as diffusion and osmosis.
Diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area with lower concentration. This continues until both areas have the same concentration. For a cell, diffusion is how resources are transported into it through its selectively permeable membrane.
Osmosis
A special kind of diffusion that involves water moving from an area of higher concentration of water to an area of lower concentration of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
Osmosis in cells (explained)
Concentration
The measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance.
Unicellular Organisms
Living things made of a single cell. Usually tiny, can survive everywhere that sustains life. They share similar characteristics to other living organisms.
Examples of Unicellular Organisms
Paramecia, E. coli, Phytoplankton, Bacteria, Amoeba
Cilia
Tiny hairs that propel the organism along.
Flagellum
A tail-like thing that rotates and lashes, allowing E. coli to move.
Amoeba
Cellular Respiration
When mitochondria provide energy for the cell by converting oxygen and sugar into carbon dioxide and water.
Photosynthesis
When the chlorophyll in chloroplasts capture the Sun's energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.
Cell Division
When a cell splits in half to form two smaller cells. The nucleus splits first and cell division is easier to see in unicellular organisms.
Multicellular Organisms
Organisms that have more than one cell. They rely on many different cells to perform cellular functions.
Specialized Cells
Cells that perform specific functions and must interact with other types of cells to carry out their tasks.
Why are unicellular organisms usually micro-sized?
Cellular activities are performed most efficiently at that size.
What are some examples of specialized cells in the body?
Skin cells, bone cells, muscle cells, brain cells, and nerve cells.
How are unicellular organisms similar to multicellular organisms?
Just like multicellular organisms, unicellular organisms have organelles, create and eliminate waste, and they can adapt to their environment.
Where do unicellular organisms live?
How do paramecium move?
They use cilia.
How do amoebas move?
They use extensions of their cytoplasm called pseudopods.
Why are phytoplankton important to life on Earth?
They provide most of the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere.
What are some things that have specialized animal cells?
Blood, skin, and muscle.
What are some things that have specialized plant cells? What are their functions?
Leafs, roots, and stems. Leaf cells contain chloroplasts which perform photosynthesis. Plant stems transport water and minerals throughout the plant. The plant root absorbs water and nutrients from the soil and transports these resources to the stem.
What are plants and animals?
They are multicellular organisms.
What do specialized cells do?
They perform very specific functions.
Does cellular respiration happen in both plant and animal cells?
Yes. Cellular respiration happens in all cells for both plants and animals.
A nuclear power station could be compared to a cell's _____
Mitochondria
A police force could be compared to the cell's ____
Membrane.
A delivery service could be compared to the cell's _____
Golgi Apparatus.
A reservoir could be compared to the cell's ____
Vacuole.
Which organelle turns energy stored in sugars to usable energy?
The Mitochondria.
Why is cell division important to cells?
It replaces old and dying cells so they don't go extinct because many cells have short lifespans.
Unicellular decomposers
A group of single-celled organisms that are essential for life on earth.
Organs
Made of tissues that work together to perform a specific task
The four types of animal tissues
Connective, muscle, nervous, epithelial.
Nervous Tissue
Transmits and receives nerve impulses.
Connective Tissue
Supports and connects different parts of the body. Blood, fat, cartilage, tendons, and bone are all connective tissues.
Epithelial Tissue
Covers the surface of the body, and lines the inside of organs like the small intestine.
Muscle tissue
Contracts to cause motion. Examples include cardiac muscles and smooth muscles.
The three types of plant tissues
Protective, photosynthetic, transport.
Photosynthetic tissues
Tissues that transform the Sun's energy to sugar.
Protective Tissues
Form a covering on most plants that helps prevent water loss and protects the plant.
Transport Tissues
Contain hollow, tube-like cells that move food and water through the plant.
Organ systems
Made up of more than one organ, and performs one or more specific functions in the body. They work very closely with each other.
Skeletal system
Made up of skeletal muscles, such as tendons and ligaments, enabling you to move from place to place. It also moves substances through your body (such as swallowing food).
Circulatory system
Delivers nutrients, moves gases, and removes waste products. Constits of heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Nervous System
System that sends and receives nerve messages throughout the body. It controls behavior, movement, and processes like digestion and circulation.
Digestive System
Breaks down food so that nutrients can be absorbed by the blood and transported to all cells. The colon expels all solid waste from the body.
Excretory System
Filters the blood and removes liquid waste and extra water from the body.
Integumentary System
Made up of the skin, hair, nails, which cover and protect the body. It's also made up of sweat glands which maintain normal body temperature.
Endocrine System
Made up of several glands that produce hormones.
Hormones
Chemicals that regulate every bodily function.
Glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, and pancreas all produce hormones that carry messages to other parts of the body.
Lymphatic System
Made up of lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and lymphoid tissue. It protects the body, and is responsible for destroying and removing any invading organisms and abnormal cells.
Reproductive System
Made up of organs for producing offspring.
Cancer
Cancer is the result of _____
Tumor
a mass of cells that are continually reproducing but are non-functional. They can appear in any organ in the body, and can spread between organs.
Spinal Cord
Includes cells that transmit nerve impulses from the senses to the brain and carry impulses from the brain to various muscles to instruct them to move.
Paralysis
The inability to move muscles. If the spinal cord is severed below the shoulders, the lower body and legs are paralyzed. If it is severed in the neck area, all four limbs can be paralyzed.
Technologies to compensate for the lack of mobility from paralysis
Wheelchairs and building/transportation redesigns to assist those who have been paralyzed
Improvements in technologies for studying cells and cell processes have led to ____
successful treatments for many infectious diseases, like smallpox and polio, which have been brought under control in much of the world.
Specialized cells that are similar in structure and function are grouped together in ____
tissues.
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