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I was born in bacon, I was raised in bacon, I will die in bacon. yeah.... I like bacon

Nathaniel Bacon (1647-1676)

Young Virginia planter who led a rebellion against Governor William Berkeley in 1676 to protest Berkeley’s refusal to protect frontier settlers from Indian attacks.*

William Berkeley (1606-1677)

Royal governor of Virginia, with brief interruptions, from 1641 until his death. Berkeley, a member of Virginia’s seaboard elite, drew the ire of backwater settlers for refusing to protect them against Indian attacks. This friction eventually led to Bacon’s Rebellion.*

Denmark Vesey (ca. 1767-1822)

Free black who orchestrated an aborted slave uprising in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1822. Vesey’s plan was uncovered before he could put it in motion, and he and thirty-four accomplices were put to death.*

Nat Turner (1800-1831)

Black slave who led an ill-fated rebellion in Virginia in 1831. The deeply religious Turner sought a violent overthrow to the sinful institution of slavery. Before they were apprehended, Turner and his followers murdered more than sixty whites, sending a shockwave throughout the South.*

Cato

Jemmy, a literate Angolan slave referred to as "Cato," was the leader of the Stono Rebellion in 1739 in South Carolina. The rebellion prompted the South Carolina legislature to pass the Negro Act of 1740, which placed severe restrictions on slaves, including limiting their rights to assemble and learn to read.

Theodore Frelinghuysen (c. 1691–c. 1747)

German-American Dutch Reformed minister and theologian; precursor to the Great Awakening in the colonies.*

George Whitefield (1714-1770)

Itinerant English preacher whose rousing sermons throughout the American colonies drew vast audiences and sparked the First Great Awakening. Whitefield’s emotionalism distinguished him from “old light” ministers who embraced a more reasoned, stoic approach.*

Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)

New England minister whose fiery sermons helped spark the First Great Awakening. Edwards emphasized human helplessness and depravity and taught that salvation could be attained through God’s grace alone.*

Betty Parris

One of the main accusers in the Salem witch trials. Later apologized for the hysteria.*

Sarah Good

One of the original three women accused of witchcraft. Found guilty and died by hanging.*

Sarah Osborne

One of the original three women accused of witchcraft. Died in prison while awaiting trial; Betty Parris accused Osborne of pinching and poking her with knitting needles in a dream.*

Tituba

One of the original three women accused of witchcraft. Confessed to witchcraft and was imprisoned for over a year. After her case was dismissed, her fate is unknown.*

Rebecca Nurse

Woman accused of witchcraft. Found guilty by a court and hung.*

Bridget Bishop

Woman accused of witchcraft. First person to be executed by hanging in the Salem Witch Trials.*

Giles Cory

English-born man accused of witchcraft. Refused to recognize the court’s authority, leading him to be pressed to death.*

Cotton Mather

Puritan clergyman and author in colonial New England; sometimes called the “first American Evangelical.”
Helped with Small Pox Incolattions

Increase Mather

Father of Cotton Mather. Published "Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits," which criticized the use of spectral evidence and helped end the Salem Witch Trials by stating it was better for ten witches to go free than one innocent person to be harmed.*

Ben Franklin (1706-1790)

American printer, inventor, statesman, and revolutionary. Established himself in Philadelphia as a leading newspaper printer and author of Poor Richard’s Almanac. Later became a revolutionary leader, Declaration signatory, and secured French support in the Revolutionary War.*

Peter Zenger (1697-1746)

New York printer tried for seditious libel against the state’s corrupt royal governor. His acquittal set an important precedent for freedom of the press.*

Andrew Hamilton

One of the best defense lawyers; helped establish freedom of press in his defense of Peter Zenger.*

William Cosby

Former governor of New York; accused Peter Zenger of seditious libel for publishing unflattering works about him.*

William Still

African American abolitionist who was a major conductor of the Underground Railroad.*

Harriet Tubman (ca. 1820-1913)

Famed conductor on the Underground Railroad who helped rescue more than three hundred slaves. Born into slavery, she fled in 1849 and returned to the South nineteen times to guide others to freedom. After the Civil War, she worked to give freedpeople access to education in North Carolina.*

Bacon’s Rebellion

The books definition: Uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley’s refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite.

Cause: Frontier settlers in Virginia (led by Nathaniel Bacon) angry over Gov. Berkeley’s refusal to protect them from Native raids.

Who: Mostly poor farmers, indentured servants, and freedmen.

Event: Bacon’s militia attacked Native Americans and burned Jamestown.

Impact: Showed class tensions; elites turned toward African slavery (viewed as more controllable than indentured servants).

Atlantic Slave Trade

Numbers: About 10–12 million Africans forcibly transported; ~400,000 ended up in North America.

Why: Labor demand for tobacco, rice, indigo, later cotton.

Middle Passage: Brutal voyage, 15–20% death rate.

Impact: Established race-based slavery as the foundation of Southern economy and society

Halfway Covenant

Problem: Declining religious zeal; fewer church members’ children having conversion experiences.

Solution: Allowed children of partial members to be baptized, even without a conversion experience.

Impact: Weakened Puritan religious strictness, showed declining religious enthusiasm.

Great Awakening

Leaders: Jonathan Edwards (“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”), George Whitefield.

Message: Emotional preaching, personal salvation, challenged traditional church authority.

Impact: Rise of New Denominations(Baptits, Methodists) Growth of religious pluralism, First shared “American” experience across colonies

The Salem Great Witch Trial

Trials started by Betty Parris and other young girls. Originally accused Sarah Good, Tibitua

Indentured Servants

System: Poor Europeans worked 4–7 years for passage to colonies.

Conditions: Harsh, many died before freedom; some got land after service.

Decline: By late 1600s, Bacon’s Rebellion and labor demands led to shift toward African slavery.

Population Numbers

1700: ~250,000 colonists.

1775: ~2.5 million colonists (half under age 16).

Cities (by 1775): Philadelphia (~34,000), New York (~25,000), Boston (~16,000), Charleston (~12,000), Newport (~11,000).

Society

New England: Small farms, town-centered, religion-focused, longer life expectancy.

Middle Colonies: Diverse, grain production, mixed religions.

Southern Colonies: Plantation economy, enslaved labor, wide wealth gap.

General: Patriarchal, community-centered, but with growing class distinc

Small Pox Incoculation

Introduced: Early 1700s by Cotton Mather in Boston (influenced by knowledge from Africa/Turkey).

Controversial: Some saw it as unchristian; others feared it spread disease.

Impact: Helped reduce death toll, early step toward modern medicine. Biggest American medical support

Two Tax Supported religions

Anglican Church (Church of England): Official in Virginia, Carolinas, Georgia.

Congregational Church (Puritans): Official in Massachusetts, Connecticut.

Impact: Religious dissenters (Baptists, Quakers) often faced discrimination, leading to calls for religious freedom later.

Poor Richard’s Almanac

Author: Benjamin Franklin.

Contents: Weather predictions, proverbs, practical advice, moral lessons, full moons, preferred crop planting days.

Impact: Reflected Enlightenment ideas, promoted thrift, industry, common sense.