Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Adjust visceral function
Primary role of autonomic nervous system
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands
What does does the autonomic nervous system innervate? [3]
Adjsut blood pressure and blood flow
Speed up or slow down heart rate
Change body temperature
Increase stomach secretions
Alter pupil dilation {etc….}
What can the autonomic nervous system do? [5]
Somatic has single neuron from CNS to effector organ.
Autonomic has two neuron chain from CNS to effector.
How many neurons in somatic vs. autonomic nervous system?
Somatic: ACh
Autonomic: ACh and Norepinephrine
Neurotransmitters in somatic vs. autonomic nervous system
Somatic: excitation only
Autonomic: excitation and inhibition
Effect of neurotransmitters in somatic vs. autonomic nervous systen
Somatic: heavily myelinated axons insulate and signal does not leak out (faster)
Autonomic: relatively slower because axons are light/not myelinated
Relative speed in somatic vs. autonomic nervous system
Adrenal medulla
Part of autonomic system goes directly to which gland to stimulate it to release hormones?
Parasympathetic division
Division of ANS that promotes maintenance functions and conserves bod energy. “Rest and digest,” after fight or flight
Sympathetic nervous system
Division of ANS that Mobilizes body during activity. “Fight or Flight.” Gets body ready to respond to high stress/activity
Arises from brain and sacral region. All fibers come from brain stem and sacral region
Origin point of the parasympathetic nervous system
Arises from thoracic and lumbar regions
Origin point of sympathetic nervous system
Very near, sometimes within, visceral organs
Where are ganglia located in parasympathetic nervous system?
Very close to the spinal cord
Where are ganglia located in sympathetic nervous system?
They generally innervate most (the same) visceral organs, and have mainly opposite (antagonistic) interactions. Usually one division dominates in a given situation.
Describe interactions between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems:
Sympathetic: increase heart rate, dilate airways inhibit digestion and eliination
Parasympathetic: Restore heart rate, restore airway diameter, ensure body fueling and waste elimination occurs as needed.
Sympathetic vs. parasympathetic responses to stress
Swat glands
Adrenal medulla
Arrector pili muscles
Coronary blood vessels of heart
Blood coagulation
Cellular metabolism
Adipose tissue
Glands/organs that are NOT innervated by the parasympathetic division (no effect) [7]
Control of blood vessels
Sympathetic division dominates…
Control of heart and smooth muscle of digestive and urinary tract
Parasympathetic division dominates…
Most blood vessels
Sweat glands
erector pili muscles
Kidneys
Adrenal medulla
Unique roles of the sympathetic division (only have sympathetic fibers) [5]
Vasomotor tone
Innervation by the sympathetic nervous system causing continual low levels of contraction
Vasodilation
Decreased firing of signals in sympathetic division causing blood vessel diameter to increase and decrease blood pressure
Vasoconstriction
Increased firing of signals in sypathetic division causin blood vessel diameter to decrease and increase blood pressure
Controls body temperature
Unique homeostatic mechanism that is only controlled by sympathetic nervous system (hint: sympathetic innervates sweat glands and blood vessels)
Tends to slow heart rate, maintains normal activity level of digestive system and urinary tract . Sympathetic still innervates, but only in times of stress
Parasympathetic effect on heart and digestive tract:
Neurotransmitter
Chemical messengers that are leased at a synapse between neurons (or neuron and effector organs)
Which binding receptor, different receptors for different effector organs
What determines effect of neurotransmitters in ANS?
Cholinergic receptors
Adrenergic receptors
Two broad categories of receptors in ANS
Cholinergic receptors
Receptors in ANS that bind to ACh
Adrenergic receptors
Receptors in ANS that bind to norepinephrine
Nicotinic
Muscarinic
Two types of cholinergic receptors
Nicotinic receptor
ACh binds to this receptor and is an excitor
Muscarinic
ACh binds to this receptor and is EITHER inhibitory or excitatory
Alpha receptors
Beta receptors
Two types of adrenergic receptors that can be either inhibitory or excitatory
Hypothalamus oversees everything autonomic is doing and integrates it. Because of this integration, hypothalamus can coordinate heart activity, BP, bod temperature, water balance, and endocrine activity.
How does hypothalamus control autonomic nervous system?
Cerebral cortex is linked. We can consciously do things like controlling breathing, because the cortex is linked into hypothalamus and control of visceral functions.
How can we consciously control autonomic function?