PE - PAPER 2

Provision + examples

ensuring appropriate facilities, equipment and coaching are available e.g. leisure centre, school with facilities, private health + fitness clubs

Promotion + examples

convincing people to take part e.g. images and photos on posters,role models in the media, raising the profile of the sport

access + examples

ensuring people can actively engage with physical activity and sport by making it easier e.g. inclusive to all people, convenient timings, wheelchair ramp into a pool

anabolic steroids

synthetic hormones that mimic the effects of the hormone testosterone \n ADV: increased bone strength + muscle growth, increase speed, power + strength, reduce recovery time \n DISADV: depression, organ failure, high blood pressure \n e.g. Dwain Chambers (sprinter)

beta blockers

reduces affects of adrenaline \n ADV: improve fine motor control and precision, reduce heart rate, minimise anxiety, reduce muscle tremors/tension \n DISADV: nausea, tiredness, risk of heart attack \n e.g. Kim Jong-Su (pistol shooter)

stimulants

affect the central nervous system, increasing arousal \n ADV: increased alertness + energy, reduce fatigue, suppress appetite \n DISADV: high blood pressure, increased risk of strokes, anxiety \n e.g. Asafa Powell (sprinter)

blood doping

injecting of oxygenated blood into an athlete before an event in an illegal attempt to enhance atheltic performance \n ADV: increases number of red blood cells available to provide oxygen to the athletes muscle, improved stamina \n DISADV: heart attack, stroke, blood clots \n e.g. Max Hauke (skier)

motor skill

a skill that requires voluntary limb movement to achieve its goal e.g. running

skilful movements

a predetermined objective is accomplished with maximum eficiency with a maximum outlay of energy e.g. dribbling

mental preparation techniques

1. imagery - imagining what the performance should look like \n 2. selective attention - determine which info is important and which is not \n 3. mental rehearsal - help you relax and feel calm - invisioning what the action should look like \n 4. positive self talk - telling positive things that will motivate you

role of the English Federation of Disability in sport

responsible for developing sport for people with disabilities in England

role of Youth Sports Trust

try to improve the health of children by using different initiatives and they believe in children’s future in sport

role of Sport England

Agency set up by the government to help provide increased opportunities for participation in sport - invest Nationaly Lottery funding

role of UK sport

They help elite athletes become better through improved coaching, equipment, facilities and sponsorship (made up of Sport England, Sport Scotland etc.)

role of DCMS

Government department repsonsible for government policies related to sport

public agencies

funded via the tax payer. They will set up their own initiatives to increase participation in their city e.g. Active Leeds

voluntary agencies

volunteers run them and often are local sports clubs that run on a non-profit basis so that money is put back into the club e.g. Sunday League football

private agencies

commerical businesses trying to make money off what they offer e.g. David Lloyd Clubs

national governing bodies

promote and develop their sport (agree regulations + rules, subscription fees, competitions)

commercialisation

the management or exploitatio of a person or organisation or activity in a way designed to make profit

golden triangle

media, sport, sponsorship

why use drugs?

sporting success brings money, pressure from friends, win at all costs attitude, rewards of victory make it worth risking everything to win

sportsmanship + examples

ethical, appropriate, polite + fair behaviour while participating in a game or athletic event e.g. shaking hands, Allistair Brownlee carrying his brother over the line

gamesmanship + examples

where the laws of the game are interpreted in ways which is not illegal but not in the spirit of the game e.g. diving in football, Emma Radacanu tactical timeouts

deviance + examples

behaviour that is either immoral or seriously breaks the rules e.g. Patriots deinflated the balls to catch easier, Australian cricket team tampering with the ball

violence + examples

physical acts committed in sport that go beyond the accepted rules of play or expected levels of contact within a contact sport e.g. Luis Suarez biting his opponents

efficiency

no waste of energy and movement seemed effortless e.g. batting in cricket

coordinated

excellent coordination to control the timing of the skill e.g. layup in basketball

fluency

perform a skill that flows e.g. a rugby player picking up the ball and passing it in one movement

pre-determined

goal or target in mind e.g. gymnasts knowing the routine

aesthetic

pleasing and looks good e.g. diver performing somersault

simple skills

skill that consists of basic movements and are not difficult to perform e.g. 100m running

complex skills

a skill that requires a lot of focus and decision-making e.g. twisting somersaults

open skills

unpredicatable and changeable environment that affects the execution of the skill e.g. rugby tackle

closed skills

not affected by environment as they are predictable e.g. javelin

performance goal

a goal set which is directly linked to your performance and/or technique in the game

outcome goal

a goal based on the outcome of the game, involves comparison with other competitors

specific

knowing exactly what the goal is

measurable

easy to know when a goal has been achieved

achievable

need to be in reach to achieve, and keep you motivated

recorded

goal needs to be recorded so performer/coach can monitor progress

time bound

does the goal have an endpoint?

visual guidance (adv + disadv)

ADV: performers can copy what they have seen, useful for all levels of performer, vision is people’s most dominated sense DISADV: demonstration or image must be good quality, some skills too complicated to demonstrate, may not pay attention

verbal guidance (adv + disadv)

ADV: highlights teaching points, useful for sharing basic information and instructions DISADV: can result in an information overload, complex actions are difficult to explain, can be boring

manual guidance (adv + disadv)

ADV: good for complete beginners, allows to knwo the correct feel of action DISADV: can feel different if someone else moving your body for you

mechanical guidance (adv + disadv)

ADV: can build confidence, allow a performer to gain a feel for the movement, good for dangerous skills DISADV: equipment may be expensive, rely on aid

intrinsic feedback (adv + disadv)

ADV: respond immediately, adjust their performance without help from coach DISADV: unhelpful for beginners with little experience, poor technique becomes harder to change

extrinsic feedback (adv + disadv)

ADV: helps beginners as someone else can tell them what went well DISADV: only useful if feedback is accurate, needs to be from experienced coach

knowledge of performance (adv + disadv)

ADV: helps a performer develop an understanding of their strengths + weaknesses DISADV: time consuming, detailed feedback replied from a knowledgeable coach

knowledge of results (adv + disadv)

ADV: simple and quick measurement of success DISADV: may be demotivating, may ignore weaknesses

positive feedback (adv + disadv)

ADV: increase motivation, focus on less successful aspects regardless of results DISADV: may feel there is no need to improve

negative feedback (adv + disadv)

ADV: help a coach provide helpful information to improve, increase motivation of certain performers DISADV: demotivating for others, loss in confidence

emotional health

self-esteem, confidence, stress management and body image (all combatted by physical acitvity)

social health

friendship, belonging to a group and loneliness - physical acitvity can help people feel happier

physical health

decrease risk of injury, lower obesity, increase bone density, higher level of fitness, better posture, lower blood pressure and lower likelihood of coronary heart disease

fats

important source of energy + insulation saturated fats - too much increases risk of developing heart diseaseunsaturated fats - much healthier and play a role in reducing risk of developing heart disease

carbohydrates

main source of energy, stored as glycogen simple sugars - break down quickly and provide burst of energy e.g. gel pouchescomplex starches - break down and release energy slowly e.g. pasta

protein

provides body with amino acids which are building blocks of all cells - CELL GROWTH AND REPAIR

vitamins

ensure vital chemical reactions take place in the body

minerals

wide range of bodily functions - e.g. calcium

fibre

provides bulk to help them pass through the digestive system, feel fuller for longer

water

keeps joints lubricated, carries vitamins and minerals around the body, aids digestion, helps remove waste produvts, helps regulate body temp