Anatomy 2 Chapter 26

urinary system

What are the major organs of the urinary system?

Kidney, Ureter, Bladder, Urethra

Other than excretion, the major functions of the kidneys include ______. 

Multiple select question.

Regulation of blood volume

Vitamin E regulation

Regulation of blood solutes

Regulation of red blood cell production

Regulation of blood volume; Regulation of blood solutes; Regulation of red blood cell production

A layer of fibrous connective tissue directly surrounding the kidneys

Renal Capsule

Surrounds the renal capsule and cushions the kidneys

Adipose tissue

Layer of connective tissue that attaches the kidneys to the abdominal wall

Renal fascia

The medial surface of the kidney is the site of a ______, a depression and slit where blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels enter and leave.

Hilum

The kidneys are organized into two major regions: an outer ______ and an inner ______

Cortex, Medulla

A hollow area within the kidney that contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and urine-collecting structures is called the renal

Sinus

The kidneys secrete variable amount of ______ to regulate the pH of body fluids

Hydrogen ions

The cone-shaped areas of tissue within the renal medulla are called renal

Pyramids

The cortical tissues which project between the renal pyramids are called the

Renal columns

Describe the structure of the kidneys.

Multiple select question.

The kidneys are the size of a kidney bean.

The kidneys are surrounded by a layer of fibrous connective tissue known as the renal capsule.

A layer of connective tissue surrounds the kidneys, the renal fascia, that attaches the kidneys to the abdominal wall.

The kidneys are surrounded by fluid, that protects the kidneys from shock.

The kidneys are surrounded by a layer of fibrous connective tissue known as the renal capsule; A layer of connective tissue surrounds the kidneys, the renal fascia, that attaches the kidneys to the abdominal wall.

Renal papillae drain into

Minor calyces

The structure indicated on the illustration of a kidney is the

Calyx

The functional unit of the kidney is the

Nephron

Renal columns are made of ______ tissue.

Cortical

The initial component of a nephron is a

Renal corpuscle

The tops of the renal pyramids that point towards the renal sinus are called

Renal papillae

The tubule, near the renal papilla, identified in the figure is the

Papillary Duct

Some nephrons have renal corpuscles that lie near the medulla and have long loops of Henle, which descend deep into the medulla. These nephrons are called

Juxtamedullary nephrons

______ nephrons have loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla of the kidney and the ______ nephrons do not extend into the medulla

Juxtamedullary, cortical

Each kidney contains about ______ nephrons

1.3 million

Approximately 85% of nephrons in the kidney are ______ nephrons whose loops of Henle do not extend deep into the medulla

Cortical

A renal corpuscle, a proximal convoluted tubule, a nephron loop (also known as a loop of Henle), and a distal convoluted tubule are the four major components of a

Nephron

Bowman capsule is also called

Glomerular capsule

What structures merge to form a papillary duct?

Collecting ducts

The type of nephron indicated by the arrow in the illustration is a ______ nephron

Juxtamedullary

Identify the characteristics of juxtamedullary nephrons. 

Multiple select question.

Aid in urine production

Concentrates the urine

Extend into the medulla of the kidney

Comprises the majority of nephrons

Aid in urine production; Concentrates the urine; Extend into the medulla of the kidney

The structure of the nephron indicated by the arrow in the figure is the renal

Corpuscle

Which type of nephron is indicated by the arrow in the illustration?

Cortical

Within the kidney, filtration of blood occurs at the capillary bed called the

Glomerulus

The Bowman capsule is indicated by which letter in the illustration?

C

A renal corpuscle consists of a ______ and a glomerular capsule.

Renal tubule

The letter A on the picture of a renal corpuscle is indicating the ______ layer of Bowman capsule.

Visceral

Which of the structures in the diagram is the glomerulus?

B

Openings or pores in the glomerular capillaries are called

Fenestrae

The part of the nephron identified by the arrow in the diagram is the

Bowman’s capsule

The structures of the glomerulus indicated in the figure are the

Filtration slits

The small artery that feeds into the glomerular capillary bed is called the ______ arteriole

Afferent

The small artery that carries blood leaving the glomerulus is the ______ arteriole

Efferent

The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) consists of

Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells and Macula Densa

The blood vessels indicated by the letter A in the picture of a nephron is an ______ arteriole

Afferent

Identify the layers of the filtration membrane.

Multiple select question.

Basement membrane

Podocytes of glomerular capsule

Parietal layer of glomerular capsule

Endothelium of glomerular capillaries

Basement membrane; Podocytes of glomerular capsule; Endothelium of glomerular capillaries

The juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes the enzyme

Renin

The group of cells known as the macula densa is located in the wall of the

Distal convoluted tubule

As the proximal convoluted tubule continues descending toward the medulla, the cell type begins to change, and the renal tubule is now called the

Nephron loop

The first part of the descending limb of the nephron loop contains ______ squamous epithelium

Simple

The juxtaglomerular cells are indicated by which letter in the illustration?

B

Which arteries are direct branches of arcuate arteries that carry blood into the renal cortex?

Cortical radiate arteries

The three major processes necessary for urine formation are ______, ______ tubular and tubular secretion

Filtration, Reabsorption

The thick part of the ______ limb returns toward the renal corpuscle and ends by transitioning into the distal convoluted tubule near the macula densa

Ascending

The process by which blood pressure forces fluid through the glomerular capillary walls into the glomerular capsule is called glomerular

Filtration

The second segment of the renal tubule is the

Nephron loop

The process where the nephron returns water and some filtered molecules to the blood

Tubular reabsorption

Identify the major processes essential to urine production.

Multiple select question.

• Filtration

• Tubular secretion

• Tubular reabsorption

• Micturition

Filtration; Tubular secretion; Tubular reabsorption

In tubular reabsorption, water is moved from renal tubules into the blood of

Peritubular capillaries

The portion of the cardiac output that flows through the kidneys

Renal fraction

The afferent arteriole branches off of the

Cortical radiate artery

The rate that is the renal fraction multiplied by the cardiac output which is 5600 mL/min is the

Blood flow rate

Filtrate produced by glomerular capillaries is later

Modified into urine

What is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called?

Glomerular filtration rate

The rate that is the renal blood flow rate multiplied by the percent of blood that is plasma is called the renal

Plasma flow rate

True or false: Typical urine volume per day is 1.0 to 2.0 liters

True

The capillary fenestrae of the nephron are the initial filter for particles over what size?

7 nm

The quantity of glomerular filtrate produced per day is about

180 L

The average renal fraction in a healthy adult is around

21%

The renal blood flow rate is calculated by which formula?

Cardiac output X renal fraction

Podocytes are in the ______ layer of the glomerular capsule

Visceral

Identify substances that are impermeable to the filtration barrier. 

Multiple select question.

Blood cells

Proteins

Plasma

Glucose

Dissolved ions

Blood cells; Proteins

Almost any molecule less than ______ nm can be freely filtered from the blood through the filtration membrane

7

The filtration pressure in the glomerulus is determined by the balance of which two pressures?

Multiple select question.

Colloid osmotic

Blood hydrostatic

Venous osmotic

Lymphatic

Colloid osmotic; Blood hydrostatic

True or False: Glucose can cross the filtration membrane

True

What is the term for the OVERALL pressure found at the glomerulus?

Filtration pressure

The smaller diameter of the efferent arteriole than the afferent arteriole causes ______ than in other capillaries

Higher glomerular capillary pressure

Pressure from the filtrate fluid in the capsular space causes capsular

Hydrostatic pressure

Because of its size, ______ can end up in filtrate after the process of filtration

Oxytocin

Within the renal corpuscle, is blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) an inward pressure drawing fluid into the capillaries or an outward pressure forcing fluid out of the capillaries to the glomerular capsule?

Inward

The osmotic force associated with filtrate is not included in calculating filtration pressure because

Filtrate colloid osmotic pressure is close to zero

Substances that are prevented from moving from the glomerulus into the lumen of the Bowman capsule by the filtration barrier include

Blood cells and proteins

When the macula densa of the juxtaglomerular apparatus detect changes in filtrate flow, they send a signal to the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole. These cells constrict the afferent arteriole as needed. This process of autoregulation is called

Tubuloglomerular feedback

If blood pressure decreases, smooth muscle cells in the afferent arterioles detect this change and will respond by

Dilating

The average capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) of a healthy adult is ______ mm Hg

10

Fluid leaving the glomerular capillary and entering the Bowman capsule results in a higher protein concentration in the capillary. This ______ blood colloid osmotic pressure

Increases

Smooth muscle cells in afferent and efferent arterioles act as

Stretch receptors

Which pressure is higher than the others combined?

Glomerular capillary pressure

Without renal autoregulation, if mean arterial pressure increases, GFR would

Increase

Smooth muscle cells in the walls of the afferent and efferent arterioles dilate or constrict as needed in response to changes in blood pressure. This process of autoregulation is called the

Myogenic mechanism

Under low blood pressure conditions, the ______ secrete renin

Juxtaglomerular cells

Movement of water and solutes from the filtrate into the blood is

Tubular reabsorption

Without renal autoregulation, if mean arterial pressure increases, what would happen to GFR?

Increase

Which of the following are possible effects of cardiovascular shock on kidney function? Select all that apply.

Multiple select question.

Increased filtration pressure and increased filtrate formation

Vasodilation of renal arteries and decreased filtrate formation

Potential damage to kidneys due to low levels of oxygen

Decreased filtrate formation

Potential damage to kidneys due to low levels of oxygen; Decreased filtrate formation

Most reabsorption occurs in

The proximal convoluted tubule

Tubular reabsorption is the movement of water and solutes from the ______ to the _____

Filtrate, blood

Of the total amount of water that is filtered into the glomerular capsule, ______ is reabsorbed in the nephron

99%

There is a ______ concentration gradient for sodium ions from the filtrate into the cytoplasm of the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule

Steep

The ascending limb of the nephron loop is ______ to water

Impermeable

Which of the following are functions of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct? 

Multiple select question.

Reabsorption of water

Transport of sodium and chloride ions

Reabsorption of glucose

Secretion of angiotensinogen

Reabsorption of water; Transport of sodium and chloride ions

The concentration gradient for ______ is responsible for the secondary active transport of many other solutes from the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule into the tubule cells

Sodium

The movement of non-filtered substances from the blood into filtrate is called

Tubular secretion

True or false: Tubular secretion plays an important role in maintaining body fluid pH

True