LAST AMERICAN HISTORY EXAM

im done

Effects of the Automobile (8)

1. Suburbs 2.Malls 3.Drive-thru's

2. Collapse of the railroad industry

3. Independence (freedom and mobility)

4. Personal leisure time

5. Rise of the fossil fuel industry

6. Industries grow: rubber, steel, oil, tourism, construction

Define Social Darwinism

the belief that the most worthy in society are the wealthiest, survival of the fittest, they are entitled to be rich and oppress others.

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie's essay saying that the wealthy, since they are superior, are required to give their wealth back to the masses (once they die). However, not in the form of bonuses or raises, but in sustainable methods, like investing in the dissemination of knowledge by building libraries and schools.

What was the Stock Market Crash of 1929?

The stock market had experienced a period of sustained growth and speculation in the late 1920s, with many people investing heavily in the stock market and borrowing money to do so. The bubble burst on October 24, 1929, when a panic sell-off began on the New York Stock Exchange. This was known as Black Thursday, and it set off a chain reaction that would ultimately lead to the collapse of the stock market. Despite efforts to prop up the market, the panic selling continued, and on October 29, 1929, the stock market suffered its biggest one-day loss in history, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average plummeting by 12.8%. This event became known as Black Tuesday.

What was the Great Depression?

A prolonged worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 with the collapse of the New York Stock Exchange.

1st Amendment

PRAPS: Freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, petition

13th Amendment

Abolition of slavery

14th Amendment

Birthright citizenship

15th Amendment

gave African American men the right to vote

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol

21st Amendment

repealed prohibition

22nd Amendment

Limits the president to two terms.

24th Amendment

Abolishes poll taxes

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

Define Stock

The capital raised by a company or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares.

Define Share

One of the equal parts into which a company's capital is divided, entitling the holder to a proportion of the profits.

Shareholder

an owner of shares in a company

Stock Ticker Symbol

A stock's abbreviated trading symbol name.

Public Company

a company whose shares are traded freely on a stock exchange.

Volatile

an investment term that describes when a market or security experiences periods of unpredictable, and sometimes sharp, price movements.

Bear Market

is defined by a prolonged drop in investment prices — generally, a bear market happens when a broad market index falls by 20% or more from its most recent high.

Bull Market

is the condition of a financial market in which prices are rising or are expected to rise.

Penny Stock

A common stock valued at less than one dollar, and therefore highly speculative.

Blue Chip Stock

are big companies known for being valuable, stable and established.

Buying on margin

is borrowing money from a broker to purchase stock.

OTC (Over-the-counter) stock

are securities that are not listed on a major exchange in the United States and are instead traded via a broker-dealer network, usually because many are smaller companies and do not meet the requirements to be listed on a formal exchange.

Portfolio

is an investor's collection of stocks, funds, and other market-traded securities.

Sector

is a group of stocks that have a lot in common with each other, usually because they are in similar industries.

Short-selling

involves borrowing a security whose price you think is going to fall from your brokerage and selling it on the open market. Your plan is to then buy the same stock back later, hopefully for a lower price than you initially sold it for, and pocket the difference after repaying the initial loan.

Yield

refers to how much income an investment generates, separate from the principal. It's commonly used to refer to interest payments an investor receives on a bond or dividend payments on a stock. Yield is often expressed as a percentage, based on either the investment's market value or purchase price.

Volume

is simply the number of shares traded in a particular stock, index, or other investment over a specific period of time.

Going long

means that you own the security. Investors maintain "long" security positions in the expectation that the stock will rise in value in the future. The opposite of a "long" position is a "short" position. A "short" position is generally the sale of a stock you do not own.

IPO (initial public offering)

a corporation's first offer to sell shares to the public

Close

is a reference to the end of a trading session in the financial markets when the markets close for the day.

Day Trading

a form of share dealing in which individuals buy and sell shares over the internet over a period of a single day's trading, with the intention of profiting from small price fluctuations.

Dividend

is a payment to shareholders that consists of additional shares rather than cash. The distributions are paid in fractions per existing share. For example, if a company issues a stock dividend of 5%, it will pay 0.05 shares for every share owned by a shareholder.

REIT

is a security that trades like a stock on the major exchanges and owns—and in most cases operates—income-producing real estate or related assets.

Rally

is a sudden and brief upsurge in prices of stocks, shares, bonds or indices. A stock market rally or a share price rally usually involves a spurt or a rise in a stock price in a short time span.

Guerrilla Warfare

A hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of (usually inexperienced) warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes

Sebastián Lemba

Leader of the maroons in DR

Enriquillo

Leader of the taínos

Wage

A fixed amount paid to an employee for EACH PAY PERIOD. Usually hourly, can change depending on how much you work.

Insurance

A method for spreading individual risk among a large group of people to make losses more affordable for all.

Cafeteria-style benefits

Allows the workers to choose the benefits that best meet their personal needs.

Economic Condition

Consumer prices, consumer spending, and interest rates.

Income

Money that a person receives such as a paycheck from a job, an allowance from parents, or interest earned on a savings account.

Cost of living

Price of food, transportation, housing, and other expenses.

Pension plan

Retirement plan that is funded at least in part by an employer.

Benefits

Something the company offers besides a paycheck.

Leave

A period of time away from your job, sometimes paid for.

Retirement

The age at which you stop working full time.

Investment

The use of savings to earn a financial return. Buying something to then get something back in the future.

Exemption

A tax break received because of particular circumstances.

Mortgage

An agreement that a borrower gives a lender in turn for the lender giving a loan for the purpose of buying property.

Escrow Account

An account usually set up b y a mortagee for the purpose of collecting and paying property taxes and insurance on the property.

ARM (Adjustable Rate Mortgage)

a mortgage on which the interest rate moves up or down on a periodic basis, based on the economic conditions

Points

A mortgage term that refers to the fee the lender charges the borrower for lending money.

Garnishment

A court order to an employer to withhold some of an employee's wages; that money must be sent to the court to pay someone who has won against and employee.

authoritarianism

a political system that denies the people participation in government, ruled by a cruel dictator.

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen, power is hereditary

constitutional monarchy

A system of governing in which the monarch's power is limited by law.

nefarious

extremely wicked

coup d'etat

A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group

euphemism

a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.

democracy

A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

anarchy

a lack of government and law; confusion

Push Factors of Immigration

1. Unemployment

2. Lack of Safety

3. Lack of services (like healthcare)

4. Poverty

5. Crop failure

6. Drought

7. War, civil unrest

8. Isolation

9. Natural hazards

Pull Factors of Immigration

1. Potential for employment 2.A safer atmosphere

2. Better service provision

3. Greater wealth

4. Fertile land

5. Good food supplies

6. Political security

7. Less risk of natural hazards

8. Friends and family

Regime

a government, especially an authoritarian one

credit

borrow money upfront and pay off later once or in parts.

installment plan

paying for an item in fixed amounts at specified intervals (like monthly netflix payments)

moonshine

illegal, homemade alcohol

speakeasy

Illegal bar that served liquor during Prohibition

bootlegging (contraband)

the act of making of transporting alcoholic liquor for sale illegally

Mafia during prohibition

Organised crime grew in strength, the mafia distributed the illegal alcohol.

Labour union

an organization of workers that acts to protect workers' rights and interests

labour strike

a collective refusal to work, often protesting for something from the employer

smoke-filled room

a situation in which party elites make important decisions away from the scrutiny or influence of party membership

Glass ceiling

A metaphor alluding to the invisible barriers that prevent minorities and women from being promoted to top corporate positions.

xenophobia

fear or hatred of foreigners

xenophilia

(n) an attraction to foreign peoples, cultures, or customs

melting pot

society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one culture

salad bowl

emphasizes the importance of maintaining distinct cultural identity while living with others.

Qualities of a dictator

1. Not elected

2. Focus on military

3. NO individual rights

4. Supreme leader

5. Focus on control

6. VERY nationalistic

Sebastian Lemba

leader of the maroons

Enriquillo

Leader of the taínos

Guerrilla Warfare in DR

1. Tainos: Indigenous peoples revolted against the Spanish colonizers using Guerrilla Warfare.

2. Maroons: bands of escaped slaves who performed copious hit-and-run attacks on colonizers. -Attack villages, liberate slaves, hide in the mountains.

Diaspora

people living outside their homeland.

despot

a dictator with absolute power; cruel and nefarious

Joseph Stalin

Communist dictator of the Soviet Union

Lee Kwan Yew

Singapore's autocratic prime minister fro 30 years. Benevolent dictator.

Blue-chip stock

 a stock that comes from a well-known, established company that has guaranteed yields, however not huge.