Non-biological treatment for schizophrenia: CBT

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11 Terms

1
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How does CBT view disorders?

CBT views disorders as caused by maladaptive conditions (faulty schemas and thinking), which then maintains a state of emotional distress and behavioural problems.

2
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What does CBT aim to do?

Help individuals with SZ in a non-threatening environment by changing the maladaptive thinking and distorted perceptions which are thought to underpin the disorder and to modify and ultimately improve symptoms.

3
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What do NICE guidelines state?

For the first episode of SZ, medication is recommended but for subsequent acute episodes, CBT should be used.

4
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What are the 3 stages of how CBT is used to treat SZ?

  1. Belief modification

  2. Focusing and reattribution

  3. Normalising

5
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Explain belief modification 

It involves a process called cognitive challenge where clients are taught to regard their delusions or hallucinations as hypotheses rather than reality. They then learn to challenge / prove their thoughts using reality. 

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Explain focusing and reattribution

Looks at auditory hallucinations to reduce the frequency of the voices and to reduce the distress they bring. Explaining that hallucinations come from irrational thought processes, so so are self-generated, can help reduce client anxiety about their symptoms.

7
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Explain normalising

De-stigmatising the psychotic experience or a client and looking at the experience rationally.

8
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Strengths? (2)

  • NICE (2014): evidence to suggest effectiveness of CBT

  • CBT teaches patients how to process and cope with their symptoms, helping them to live life independently

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How is NICE (2014) a strength?

Acts as supporting evidence for the effectiveness of CBT. NICE (2014) conducted a meta-analysis of high quality studies of CBT (eg- randomised controlled trials). The analysis showed that CBT was effective in reducing rehospitalisation rates for up to 18 months for individuals with SZ and it also reduced the time spent in hospital (8.26 days on average). CBT also reduced symptom severity and improved psychosocial functioning, both at the end of treatment and 12 months later. This shows the value of CBT as a treatment for SZ, demonstrating the positive impact it has on patients.

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How does CBT help patients live their lives independently? (strength)

CBT teaches patients how to process and cope with their symptoms. This is beneficial as it can help patients live independently and not be reliant on drugs. Patients will have more control over their treatment and therefore may respond to it better, preventing relapse. Patients and therapists work collaboratively and therefore a non-threatening relationship is formed. CBT can also help with a range of co-morbid disorders, such as stress, depression and anxiety. This could potentially lead to long term remission. 

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Weakness?

There is evidence to suggest that CBT does not reduce symptoms or prevent relapse. Mckenna and Kingdon (2014) found that when compared to routine treatments like psychotherapy and drug treatments, CBT was only superior in reducing symptoms in 2/9 experimentally rigorous experiments. This suggests that CBT may not be as effective as a treatment for SZ as the NICE (2014) report states.