US History Unit 4

kerosene

united states successes in industrialization, timber, coal, iron, copper, and petroleum to create _______

economic expansion

oil production in the united states led to ______ _______

workforce

greater population in the US led to a larger _______

consumer goods

greater population in the US led to greater demand for ____ _______

lightbulb, telephone

two inventions of the era

persecution, oppression

population in the US grew because of big families and immigrants fleeing _______ __and__ ________

laissez-faire

free enterprise system stating that the government should have little to no regulation, and should not interfere in the economy other than to protect property rights and maintain peace

mixture

the US had a _______ of the Laissez-faire economy

supply, demand

the laissez-faire economy relies on ___ __and__ ____ to regulate wages and prices

private individuals

in the laissez-faire economy, _____ _______ make most of the nation’s wealth decisions

entrepreneurs

people who risked their capital to organize or run a business

north

the ______ had high tariffs to prevent competition

south

the ______ had low tariffs to promote trade and import goods at low costs

liked

entrepreneurs _______ laissez-faire economies

union pacific railroad

this railroad was built by people unsuccessful in the west, civil war veterans, and Irish immigrants

native americans

people building railroads dealt with blizzards, heat, and angry _____ _____________

China

this railroad had 10,000 works from _____ earning a dollar a day

corporation

an organization owned by many people but treated by law as though it were owned by one person

technologies

corporations brought in new _______, workforces, and machines

economies of scale

when the cost of manufacturing is decreased by producing goods quickly in large amounts

high, low

economies of scale have __ fixed costs and ___ operating costs

rebates

economies of scale received ________ from railroads

monopoly

when one company dominates an industry

trust

when one person manages another person’s property

trustee

the person who’s property is being managed by another person

holding company

a company that doesn’t produce anything itself, but owns the stock of companies that do produce goods

paid

worker life was dull, dangerous, and under______

contracts

employees had to take oaths or sign ____ saying that they wouldn’t form a union

blacklist

employees who formed unions could be put on a ________

increased

unions ________ production costs

lockouts

workers who rebelled were locked out of property and refused their pay

strikebreaker

a worker working in place of a worker on strike

knights of labor

union welcoming women and african americans, wanting an 8-hour work day, no child labor, equal pay for women, and worker-owned factories

american federation of labor

union wanting white men and skilled workers, wanting companies to recognize unions, 8-hour work day, and closed shops

closed shops

where only union members can be hired

industrial workers of the world (wobblies)

union that wanted no distinction between skilled and unskilled workers, wanted One Big Union for the working class, wanted the unskilled workers

international ladies’ garment workers

union that represented female and male workers, women’s clothing industry workers joined, won better wages and employee benefits

boomtowns

quickly growing towns

cities

with mining increase, tiny frontier towns became small _____

forty-niners

group that influenced california during the gold rush of 1849

hispanics

when CA population grew, many _____ lots their jobs

cheap

settlers moved to the great plains because of land sold at _____ prices

homestead act

act that said if a settler could have land if they lived there for 5 years

dry farming

planting seeds deep in the ground

sodbusters

people who plowed the plains and often lost their homesteads due to drought or wind erosion

bonanza farms

farms that yielded big profits

severe drought

natural disaster of 1880s that destroyed crops and turned soil into dust

wheat belt

area that is the world’s leading wheat exporter

tenant farmers

those who lost their land often worked as ______ _______

hunting

before westward expansion, many native americans lived in farming or ______ communities or were nomads

dakota sioux uprising

sioux agreed to live on a reservation, annuities never came, dakota launched a rebellion, killed hundreds of settlers, 38 dakota sentenced to death and the rest fled the region

battle of little bighorn

prospectors went into dakota territory to mine gold, lakota left the reservation to hunt in montana, george custer attacked the native americans, all of Custer’s soldiers were killed, but custer was portrayed as the victim

flight of nez perce

led by chief joseph, native americans refused to be moved to a smaller reservation in idaho, the army came to relocate them so the native americans fled their homes and journeyed 1300+ miles

wounded knee

the lakota defied government orders continuing to perform the ghost dance, the police were sent to arrest the lakota chief, there was an exchange of gunfire and sitting bull was killed, the army pursued the ghost dancers and a deadly battle ensued killing around 200 lakota people

the dawes act

this act altered the reservation system by dividing reservation land into allotments for farming and ranching. The remaining land was sold to american settlers, and native americans who stayed on their allotment for 25 years were granted citizenship

nativism

an extreme dislike of immigrants by native-born people

chinese exclusion act

act that stated that chinese people could not become US citizens

gentlemen’s agreement

agreement between roosevelt and japan that japan would limit immigration from their own country

streetcar suburbs

middle class americans lived in _____ _________ to escape crime and pollution in the central city

tenements

lower class americans lived in _____

pollution

rapid urban area growth problems were crime, violence, disease, and _______

political machine

in politics, a group to gain and keep power. Provided necessities to city dwellers in exchange for votes

graft

the gain of money or power illegally

social darwinism

the idea that human society evolved through competition and natural selection (survival of the fittest)

individualism

the idea that any american could rise in society regardless of origin, and those who deserved to survive would survive

christians

______ were offended by the idea of social darwinism

carnegie’s gospel of wealth

carnegie’s idea that wealthy americans should use their fortunes to build schools, hospitals, etc

spoils system

corrupt political system where elected politicians gave their supporters government jobs

garfield

assassination of president _______ made reform of the spoils system possible

pendleton act

act that said some jobs need to be filled through competitive writing exams

populism

a political approach that appeals to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups.

greenbacks

paper money to increase money supply without a decline in the value of money

patrons of husbandry

group that pressured states to regulate railroad and warehouse rates, but nothing worked

people’s party

group that wasn’t successful in elections but wanted an 8-hour workday, immigration restrictions, and had little support from urban populations

progressives

people focused on fixing america’s societal problems and fixing laissez-faire

muckrakers

journalists who investigated political corruption and social conditions, uncovering large corporation unfairness or crime and poverty

middle

progressives were the ____ class, urban, and educated

labor, suffrage

progressives supported child ___ laws, social reforms, health and safety, countering corruption, and woman _______

coal strike

roosevelt resolved this strike between mine owners and workers, threatened to send in an army, and stopped a coal shortage

trustbuster

roosevelt was nicknamed this because he ensured trusts didnt abuse their power

department of commerce and labor

roosevelt created this group to investigate large companies and allow them to privately fix their problems, a gentlemen’s agreement

unregulated

roosevelt was focused on conservation, cautioning against the _____ use of public lands

newlands reclamation act

act that used money from public land sales to fund irrigation and development

19th amendment

amendment that gave women the right to vote

18th amendment

amendment that banned the sale of alcohol

17th amendment

amendment that allowed the direct election of senators through democratic vote

16th amendment

amendment that created graduated income tax (the more you make the more you pay)

socialism

the idea that the government should own an industry for everyone

break, regulate

roosevelt didnt ___ up trusts, he made deals to _______ them

taft

roosevelt ran against taft, and _____ won

bull moose party

after losing to taft, roosevelt started this progressive party

wilson

taft and roosevelt split the republican votes, and ______ won the election

payne-aldrich tariff

this tariff created by Taft hardly cut tariffs and actually raised them on some goods

twice

Taft bought _______ as many antitrust cases in four years as his predecessor had in seven

children’s bureau

this organization created by taft investigated child labor problems and publicized them, and still exists today

new freedom

WIlson’s idea that the federal government should not have so much power

underwood tariff

this tariff reduced tariffs on imported goods

federal reserve act

this act forced banks to keep their money in reserve banks

federal trade commission

this organization investigated businesses and made sure they were participating in fair trade practices

keating-owen child labor act

this act stated that only children 14 and up could work