AP World History complete review

State-Building

Process of creating and maintaining an organized political community under one government.

Confucianism

Philosophy emphasizing social harmony, filial piety, and respect for ancestors.

Imperial Bureaucracy

System of government administration through departments staffed by non-elected officials.

Neo-Confucianism

Revival of Confucianism in Song Dynasty, blending with Buddhist and Daoist elements.

Filial Piety

Respect and obedience towards parents, grandparents, and ancestors, a key Confucian value.

Champa Rice

Drought-resistant crop introduced in China, boosting agricultural productivity and population growth.

Tribute System

Policy where countries acknowledged China's superiority to gain trade rights and adopt cultural practices.

Mahayana Buddhism

Branch of Buddhism encouraging broader participation and offering help to achieve nirvana.

Theravada Buddhism

Original form of Buddhism focusing on individual enlightenment, with monks living in monasteries.

Grand Canal

Artificial waterway in China facilitating trade and transportation.

Sharia Law

Islamic legal code based on the Quran.

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Muslim scholar who invented trigonometry.

House of Wisdom

Academic institution in Baghdad where Greek works were translated and preserved by Muslim scholars.

Sufis

Islamic mystics and missionaries who spread Islam through spiritual practices and tolerance of local beliefs.

Seljuk Empire

Turkic Muslim empire in the Middle East and Central Asia, challenging the Abbasid Caliphate.

Dar al-Islam

Islamic world where Islam is practiced and followed.

Mamluk Sultanate

Egyptian state founded by slave soldiers, replacing the Abbasid Caliphate.

Delhi Sultanate

Muslim state in South Asia established by Turkic rulers.

Plato and Aristotle

Greek philosophers whose works were translated and commented on by Muslim scholars in Baghdad.

Four Noble Truths

Core beliefs in Buddhism acknowledging suffering, desire as the cause, and the path to end suffering.

Eightfold Path

Buddhist guide to achieving enlightenment and ending suffering.

Reincarnation

Belief in the rebirth of a soul in a new body after death, central to Buddhist teachings.

Nirvana

State of perfect peace and enlightenment in Buddhism, breaking the cycle of reincarnation.

Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism

Three main religions in South and Southeast Asia by 1200 CE

Bhakti Hinduism

New movement emphasizing devotion to one Hindu god

Vijayanagara Empire

Hindu kingdom formed in rivalry to the Delhi Sultanate

Majapahit Kingdom

Buddhist kingdom in Java controlling sea trade routes

Diasporic communities

Merchants forming communities in Southeast Asia, spreading religions

Khmer Empire

Began as Hindu, leadership later adopted Buddhism

Aztec Civilization

Founded by Mexica in Mesoamerica, decentralized ruling

Inca Empire

Elaborate bureaucracy, mit'a labor system, highly centralized

Mississippian Culture

Focused on agriculture, known as mound builders

Swahili Civilization

Powerful city-states influenced by Indian Ocean Trade and Islam

Hausa Kingdom

Acted as trade brokers in West Africa, decentralized city-states

Great Zimbabwe

Southern African state wealthy from trade, farming, and cattle herding

Ethiopia

Christian state in East Africa, grew due to trade with Mediterranean

Byzantine Empire

Practiced Orthodox Christianity, influenced Kievan Rus

Roman Catholic Church

Most powerful entity in Western Europe post-Rome

Muslims in Iberian Peninsula

Primarily located in the region since the 8th century

Feudalism

Political system with lords gaining allegiance from vassals

Manorialism

Economic system with peasants tied to land in exchange for protection

Serfdom

Peasants bound to land, not property of lords, needed permission to leave

Globalization

Increasing economic, political, and social interconnectedness worldwide.

Trade Routes

Historical paths like Silk Road, Indian Ocean Routes, Sahara Routes.

Age of Imperialism

Period of European colonization and expansion in the 19th century.

Age of Exploration

Era of European exploration and maritime trade in the 15th-17th centuries.

Manila

City founded by the Spanish in 1571, part of globalization examples.

World Wars

Global conflicts like WWI and WWII impacting worldwide connections.

Radios in 1930s

12 million U.S. homes had radios for news and entertainment.

Televisions in 1960s

Replaced radios, connecting people visually to global events.

Telephones

Invented in the 19th century, cellular technology in the 1980s.

Internet in 1990s

Widely available, connecting people globally through email and videos.

Air Travel

Post-WWII increase for work and pleasure, expanding global access.

Shipping Containers

Standardized metal boxes revolutionizing cargo transport globally.

Fossil Fuels

Petroleum's energy efficiency driving industrial production globally.

Nuclear Power

Civilian energy source, though less embraced due to accidents.

Climate Change Debate

Fierce discussions on causes and responsibility for global warming.

Greenhouse Gases

Emissions leading to climate change, mainly from human activities.

Free Market Economics

Economic system emphasizing minimal government intervention.

Trade Liberalization

Reducing trade barriers like tariffs for economic growth.

Privatization Trend

Transfer of public industries to private entities for economic control.

Reagan-Thatcher Policies

Government actions promoting free-market principles.

Deng Xiaoping's Reforms

China's shift to free-market trade post-Mao Zedong.

Knowledge Workers

Employees valued for intellectual contributions over physical labor.

Industrial Shift to Asia

Relocation of manufacturing to Asian countries for cost efficiency.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

International body regulating global trade agreements.

European Union (EU)

Economic alliance reducing trade barriers among European states.

Multinational Corporation

Business operating in multiple countries but incorporated in one.

Globalized Culture

Cultural exchange and influence on a worldwide scale.

Reggae & K-Pop

Musical genres transcending borders and gaining global popularity.

Hollywood & Bollywood

Film industries producing content with international appeal.

Olympics & World Cup

Global sporting events fostering national pride and unity.

Consumer Culture

Shift towards defining individuals by consumption habits.

Alibaba & Amazon

Online retail giants with vast global consumer bases.

Weibo

Chinese social media site created in 2009 for controlling online content.

Uighur Population

Minority group in China facing criticisms and control by the government.

Globalization Resistance

China's ban on Western social media sites to prevent uprisings.

United Nations

International organization post-WWII for global peace and cooperation.

General Assembly

UN body with representatives from all member nations for policy-making.

UNICEF

UN agency providing social welfare services to children globally.

Security Council

UN body responsible for global peacekeeping and security.

World Bank

Global economic institution providing financial assistance and loans.

International Monetary Fund

Organization promoting free trade and stable global currency values.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

1948 UN document advocating basic human rights and equality.

Global Feminist Movement

Movement securing women's rights globally, supported by the UN.

Negritude Movement

Campaign against racial discrimination promoting black culture.

Civil Rights Movement

US movement ending legal racial discrimination and segregation.

Caste Reservation System

India's system reserving positions for historically marginalized castes.

Liberation Theology

Movement emphasizing social justice and solidarity with the poor.

Environmentalism

Global response to negative environmental effects of globalization.

Greenpeace

Global organization advocating for environmental protection.

World Fair Trade Organization

Movement reforming exploitative practices in industrial production.

Wealth Disparity

Gap between wealthier and poorer nations due to economic policies.

Battle for Seattle

1999 protest against globalization effects, met with police violence.

Cold War

Hostility between states due to ideological struggle, not open warfare, lasting four decades.

Superpower

Country with significant global influence and power, like the US and Soviet Union post-WWII.

Marshall Plan

US aid to rebuild Western Europe after WWII, creating dependency on US power.

Centralized Command Economy

Economic system where the government controls resources and production decisions.

Decolonization Movements

Global movements for colonies' independence post-WWII due to weakened European powers.

Non-Aligned Movement

Group of states not aligned with US or USSR during Cold War, led by Indonesian president.