Anatomy Lecture 3

blood

blood

Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets within a plasma matrix, transports oxygen, CO2, nutrients and other dissolved molecules throughout the body located in: arteries, veins and capillaries.

Adipose

________:: matrix crowded by tightly- packed adipocytes, serves to insulate and protect organs, provides energy storage depot located in: around major organs, within subcutaneous layer (under dermis)

Collagen

________:: abundant, cross- linked fibrils, rope- like, resist tension.

elastin

________:: has higher flexibility and stretch, allows for tissue to return to original shape located in: outer ear, epiglottis.

Reticulin

________:: short /thin, mesh- like, provide greater degree of movement than collagen.

Microvilli

________:: Abundant on transport cells Dramatically increase surface area Found in intestinal lining, kidneys.

Glial Cells

________:: provide structural support, protection and nourishment for neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

Hyaline

:: flexible, firm gel, secreted by chondroblasts, embedded in lacunae, cushions supports and reinforces other tissues and organs located in: nose, trachea, ribs, ends of long bones, embryonic skeleton.

Fibrocartilage

________:: Firm hyaline matrix, with more organized collagen fibers, resists compressive force located in: components of joints with limited flexibility, menisci, public symphysis.

Holocrine

________:: Product secreted by full cell rupturing.

Merocrine

________:: Product secreted directly through plasma membrane by exocytosis.

Neurons

________:: receive sensory information and carry it to the brain, transmit motor impulses from brain to effector organs, form synapses with one another.

Histology

________:: the study of tissues.

single layer of cells

Pseudostratified:: ________ that appears as more due to nuclei placement.

Apocrine

________:: Product secreted by pinching off membrane, loss of cytoplasm.

Areolar

:: Loosely packed assembly of all fiber types, fibroblasts and immune cells, cushions organs, key immune mediators located in: support under epithelial layers and surrounding organs.

Simple Squamous

________:: single layer of flat, disc- like cells flattened nuclei surface for filtration and diffusion located in: air sacs of lung, glomeruli, blood vessel /capillary lumens, body cavity linings.

Nervous Tissue

________:: Conduct electrical impulses, transfer process and store information, comprised of neurons and glial cells.

Smooth Muscle

________:: short /tapering cells, no striation, involuntary contraction changes diameter of vessels /chambers (blood vessels, urinary bladder, digestive organs, uterus)

Characteristics of Connective Tissues

:: Protection, Structural Support, Energy, Storage, Insulation Transporting Substances.

Simple Cuboidal

________:: single layer of cube- like cells large, round nuclei responsible for secretion and absorption located in: ducts and glands, kidney tubules, ovary, thyroid.

Elastin

________:: long /branched, can stretch /recoil, provides flexibility.

Histology

the study of tissues

4 types of tissues

Epithelial Connective Muscular Neural

Epithelial tissue

avascular sheet of cells that covers body surfaces or cavities

2 main forms of epithelial tissue

Covering and lining epithelia (skin), Glandular epithelia (salivary glands)

Microvilli

Abundant on transport cells Dramatically increase surface area Found in intestinal lining, kidneys

Cilia

Beat in coordinated fashion Move fluid along surface Found in trachea, oviduct

Characteristics of epithelial tissues

Tightly packed (barrier, absorption/secretion, hemidesmosomes, desmosomes) Organized assembly (apical/basolateral surface, surfaces differ in function) Exhibit polarity (necessary for selective movement of molecules) Highly regenerative (often damaged)

Simple

single layer of cells

Stratified

2 or more layers of cells

Pseudostratified

single layer of cells that appears as more due to nuclei placement

Squamous

flat, scale-like

Cuboidal

box-like

Columnar

tall, rectangular-shaped

Endocrine

Secrete hormones into local capillaries

Merocrine

Product secreted directly through plasma membrane by exocytosis

Apocrine

Product secreted by pinching off membrane, loss of cytoplasm

Holocrine

Product secreted by full cell rupturing

Connective Tissue Proper

Loose (Fibers create loose, open framework) & Dense (Fibers densely packed)

Fluid Connective Tissues

Blood (Contained in cardiovascular system) Lymph (Contained in lymphatic system)

Supporting Connective Tissues

Cartilage (Solid, rubbery matrix) Bone (Solid, crystalline matrix)

Osteoblasts/cytes

bone fibers

Fibroblasts/cytes

connective tissue proper fibers

Chondroblasts/cytes

cartilage fibers

Adipocytes

fat tissue fibers

Blood Cells

immunity fibers

Collagen

abundant, cross-linked fibrils, rope-like, resist tension

Elastin

long/branched, can stretch/recoil, provides flexibility

Reticulin

short/thin, mesh-like, provide greater degree of movement than collagen

Characteristics of Connective Tissues

Protection, Structural Support Energy, Storage, Insulation Transporting Substances

3 types of Muscular Tissue

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Skeletal Muscle

controlled by voluntary nervous system, moves and stabilizes the skeleton, contains elongated cells (fibers held together by loose connective tissue, contains many nuclei, possesses microscopic striations)

Cardiac Muscle

only in heart, short/branched fibers, single nucleus, striated, involuntary contraction

Smooth Muscle

short/tapering cells, no striation, involuntary contraction changes diameter of vessels/chambers (blood vessels, urinary bladder, digestive organs, uterus)

Nervous Tissue

Conduct electrical impulses, transfer process and store information, comprised of neurons and glial cells

3 parts of Nervous Tissue

Neurons, Glial Cells Location

Neurons

receive sensory information and carry it to the brain, transmit motor impulses from brain to effector organs, form synapses with one another

Glial Cells

provide structural support, protection and nourishment for neurons in the brain and spinal cord

Location of Nervous Tissue

brain, spinal cord, cranial and peripheral nerves

Exocrine

Secrete their product into a duct