TAMU ENTO 201 Bernal Exam 3

Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids fall under order ___________.

Orthoptera

Orthos- means

Straight

What is the metamorphosis of orthoptera?

Incomplete (hemimetabolous)

Orthoptera tend to live in ________ climates.

Warmer

How many families does orthoptera contain?

28

Orthopterans are straight along the _________ border.

Dorsal

What are the basic characteristics of orthopteran legs?

- Large hind legs used for jumping

- Use hind legs to produce sound

What does the pronotum of the grasshopper resemble?

Saddle

Define: Brachyptery

Having non functional wings

T/F: Brachyptery is common in orthoptera

True

Ensifera contains suborders _________.

Katydids

True crickets

Cave crickets

Mole crickets

Caelifera contains suborders __________.

Grasshoppers

Locusts

Pygmy locusts

Bush hoppers

Bush locusts

How many segments do ensifera's antennae possess?

30

Ensifera relies on _________ for escape.

Crypsis

Ensifera are __________. (Nocturnal/dinural)

Nocturnal

During the day, ensifera hides by ________.

Mimesis

What sort of consumers are ensifera?

Omniverous/predators

What sort of plants do ensifera consume?

Dicots

What are the egg laying habits of ensifera?

Lay eggs singly in soil or plants

Caelifera are active during _________.

The day (dinural)

What is the visual and auditory acuity of caelifera?

Very good

Caelifera relies on ________ for escape.

Jumping

Caelifera egg laying habits

Lay eggs in batches in soil

Caelifera have ________ (long/short) legs and antennae.

Short

What are the habitats of caelifera?

Open areas: savanna, woodlands, desert

What is the diet of caelifera?

Herbivorous on grass

What are the most outstanding physical characterstics of Jerusalem crickets?

Very large, baby like head

Where do Jerusalem crickets live?

Soil

The giant weta and jerusalem cricket are in suborder _________.

Ensifera

What is the purpose of orthoptera songs?

Attract mate

Mark territory

Signal agression

Alarm

Acrididae sing during the __________.

Day

Tettigonidae sing during the ________.

Night

Gryllidae sing during the _________.

Day and night

Common name for acrididae

Grasshopper

Common name for Tettigonidae

Katydids

Common name for Gryllidae

Cricket

How do ensifera produce sound?

Rubbing their wings together

How do caeliferans produce sound?

- Rub femur against tegmina

- Hind wing snap

- Palp/mandible rubbing

Where is a grasshopper's tumpanum located?

First abdominal segment

Describe the stridulatory vein

- Present in ensifera

- Found on the underside of front wings

- Contain between 35 and 300 teeth

Where is the tympanum found in ensifera?

Front tibia

What does a wingless cricket's song sound like?

Rap

What is special about the mole cricket's song production?

They form an acoustic burrow with a resonator chamber and horn

Describe the courtship behavior of orthopterans

- Sound quality matters

- Last male to mate is least likely to father babies

- Sperm of other males can be removed and consumed by subsequent males

What is ensifera's method for sperm transference?

Spermatophore

Describe the structures of a spermatophore

- Ampulla: contains the sperm

- Spermatophylax: contains nuptial gift

Cicadas are classified under order ___________.

Hemiptera

Where do cicadas lay their eggs?

Under tree bark

Cicada nymphs grow in what habitat and what do they consume?

Soil; Xylem sap

Define: Periodical (wrt cicada)

Process by which nymphs time their emergence at the same time and year by keeping track of xylem fluctuation

At what time during their life does a cicada build a turrent?

Before molting to an adult

T/F: Cicada turrents are used for mating rituals

False

Cicada turrents are correlated to _____________.

Rainfall

Cicadas in southweest US contribute to ____________.

Soil macro structure

Define: Krotovina

Animal burrows that are filled in by soil

What role do krotovinas play in the environment?

Percolate water, aerate the soil, and aid in root growth

What type of soil are cicadas least effective in?

Coarse or compacted clayey soil

What element is found in cicada turrents that is scarse otherwise?

Phosphorous

What's so cool about cicada wings?

They are highly deadly for bacteria and are ultra hydrophobic: nothing can live on/stick to them

How do cicada wings kill bacteria?

Gravity forces bacteria down onto wing spike which impale them

What are the common name(s) of the insect(s) in phasmatodea?

Stick and leaf insects

Walking sticks

What is the metamorphosis of phasmatodea?

Incomplete

Where are phasmatodea distributed?

Tropical and subtropical regions

What are the common name(s) of the insect(s) of embioptera?

Web spinners

What is the metamorphosis of embiopterans?

Inclomplete

Where are embiopterans distributed?

Mainly tropical

Some in other warm temperate regions

What are the common name(s) of the insect(s) of zoraptera?

Angel insects

What is the metamorphosis of zoraptera?

Incomplete

Where are zorapterans distributed?

Mainly tropical

Some in other warm temperate regions

With what speed do phasmatodea move?

Slowly

What sort of diet do phasmatodeans consume?

Herbiverous

What response do stick bugs exhibit when disturbed?

Freeze

Stretch front legs out in front of body

Sway gently/mimic vegetation

In which countries are leaf insects found?

Southeast Asia

New Guinea

Australia

________ percent of phasmatodea is comprised of stick insects.

98%

What are the physical attributes of most stick insects?

- Domed

- Long, threadlike antennae

- Lateral compound eyes

- Chewing mouthparts

What are the wing characteristics of most stick insects?

- Short, tough front wing that protects large membranous hind wing

- Some have short hind wing or no wings at all

What is the most likely way males find female stick insects?

Pheromones

Parthenogenesis is common in which type of insect within phasmatodea?

Stick insects

________ tend to be the smaller sex in stick insects.

Males

Stick insect eggs resemble ___________.

Seeds

Where are stick insect eggs deposited?

On the ground or glued to leaves

What is the relationship between ants and stick insects?

Ants will take stick insect eggs back into their nests where they'll be safe from predators and herbivores

Define: Capitulum

Structure of stick insect eggs that mimics the elaiosomes of higher plants

Define: Autonomy (wrt stick insects)

Loss of legs

T/F: Once a stick insect looses a leg, it never regenerates

False: partial regeneration is possible through subsequent molts

Where does autonomy occur in stick insects?

Between the femur and trochanter

Where are silk glands located in embiopterans?

Swollen first tarsal segment

What do embiopterans eat?

- Dead plant material

- Litter

- Lichen

- Moss

What are male emiopteran mouthparts used for?

ONLY for grasping females during copulation; they do not consume food

Which sex of embiopteran produce silk?

Both

Silk of embiopterans is layed down in _______ (threads, mats, whisps...?).

Mats

What predators are able to penetrate through a web spinner's web?

- Ants

- Parasitic wasps

- Some ectoparasitic wasps

Where do embiopterans deposit eggs?

Within their silk galleries

What happens when embiopteran eggs hatch?

- Adult embiopteran parents chew hole in silk gallery to release the first instars

- SOMETIMES will feed young paste

What is a physical characteristic of embiopteran mouthparts?

Downward facing

T/F: Embiopterans are dimorphic

True

What are the two physical forms of embiopterans?

- Blind, pale, and wingless

- Dark, ocelli, sparsely veined wings

Where are zorapterans found?

- Under bark

- Piles of wood dust

- Leaf litter

What do zorapterans consume?

Fungal threads, spores, mites, small arthropods

What are the courtship behaviors of zorapterans?

Males offer gift secretion to female who then decides if its good enough