01 heat and temperature

Thermodynamics

A branch of Physics that deals with the study of energy, heat, and temperature

1. The System

2. The Surroundings

2 Things Involved in the Study of Energy

System

It refers to the matter under the study

Surroundings

It refers to the things outside the system

System

It can be open or closed

Open System

This type of system has the ability to exchange energy and matter to its surroundings

Closed System

This type of system doesn’t have the ability to exchange energy and matter to its surroundings

Kinetic energy

The molecules of matter constantly move, therefore, it possess ___

Thermal energy

The body making up the molecules posses internal energy also known as ___

Thermal energy

It is defined as the total energy associated with microscopic forms of energy

Thermal energy

It is an extensive quantity, it depends on the size of the system, or on the amount of substance it contains

Thermal energy

It is also called internal energy

Thermal energy

It is the total potential energy and kinetic energy of the molecules in a body

Joule

It is the SI unit of energy

Temperature

It is the average kinetic energy of individual molecules

Temperature

It is the hotness and coldness of a body

Temperature

It can be measured using a thermometer

1. Celsius (°C)

2. Fahrenheit (°F)

3. Kelvin (K)

4. Rankine (°R)

5. Reaumur (°Re)

5 Units of Temperature

William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin

Kelvin is named after ___

Andres Celsius

Celsius is devised by a Swedish astronomer ___

Celsius

This temperature is based on the properties of water

Centigrade Scale

Celsius is formerly known as ___

William John Macquorn Rankine

Rankine is named after physicist ___

Rankine

This temperature is an absolute scale of thermodynamic temperature used in engineering systems

1724, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit

Fahrenheit is a temperature scale based on one proposed in ___ by German physicist ___

René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur

Reaumur is a temperature scale named after ___

Reaumur

It is a temperature scale for which the freezing and boiling points of water are defined as 0 and 80 degrees respectively

100°C, 0°C

The boiling point of water is ___ and the freezing point is ___

Absolute zero (0 K)

It is the temperature at which all particles cease to move completely

0°F

The freezing point of saltwater is ___

1. Liquid-in-a-tube Thermometers

2. Gas-in-a-tube Thermometers

3. Bimetallic Strip Thermometers

3 Kinds of Thermometers

Liquid-in-a-tube Thermometers

This is a kind of thermometer with temperature-sensitive liquid substance (e.g. alcohol-based and mercury-based)

Gas-in-a-tube Thermometer

This is a kind of thermometer that operates on the basic principle of volume constancy

Gas-in-a-tube Thermometer

In this kind of thermometer, when the pressure increases, the temperature also increases

Bimetallic Strip Thermometer

This is a kind of thermometer is made by a pair of metals

Bimetallic Strip Thermometer

In this is a kind of thermometer, the different metal strips will experience difference in thermal expansion that accounts to the movement of the strip, where the measurement indicator is attached which will give the value of the temperature

Thermal Equilibrium

All thermometers operate on the basic principle of ___

Thermal Equilibrium

It is a state attained by two interacting system that have no further change in their thermal properties

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Under the ___, if each of the two systems are in thermal equilibrium with another system, the two systems are also in thermal equilibrium with each other

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

It can be restated by limiting thermal equilibrium in the context of equal temperature

Thermal Equilibrium

It is obtained when touching objects within a system reach the same temperature

Calorimetry

It is the science that deals with the quantification of heat

Calorimeter

It is an instrument used to measure heat

Heat

It is the amount of energy flowing from one body to another spontaneously due to their temperature difference

Heat

It is a form of energy but it is the energy in transit

1. Joule (J)

2. BTU (British Thermal Unit)

3. Calories (cal)

3 SI Units of Heat

1. Conduction

2. Convection

3. Radiation

3 Types of Heat Transfer

Conduction

It is the transfer of heat by the transmission of energy from molecule to molecule

Metal

It is the best conductors of heat

Convection

It is the transfer of heat by means of the moving molecules of liquids and gasses in a circling current

Radiation

It is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves (infrared rays)

1. Mass (m)

2. Change in temperature (△T)

3. Specific heat (c)

3 Factors Affecting the Amount of Heat

Mass

The larger the ___, the larger the heat required

Change in temperature

The greater change in ___, the greater the heat is required

Specific heat

It is the amount of heat required to increase a temperature of material by unit temperature

Calorie

It is the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C

Kilocalorie

It is the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of 1kg of water by 1°C

British Thermal Unit

It is the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of 1lb of water by 1°F

Joule

SI Unit of Heat

Law of Heat Exchange

This law states that the heat given up by the hotter body is equal to the heat absorbed by the colder body

Law of Heat Exchange

This law states that the heat lost is equal to the heat gained

Phase Change

It is when a substance changes in phase, there exists an associated heat requirement that does not show as change in temperature

Latent Heat

It is the basis for constant associated with the heat required to change the phase of a material

1. Latent Heat of Fusion

2. Latent Heat of Vaporization

2 Types of Latent Heat

Latent Heat of Fusion

It is the quantity of heat needed to change solid state to liquid state

Latent Heat of Vaporization

It is the quantity of hear needed to change liquid state to gas (vapor) state

Thermal Expansion

It refers to an object expanding when experiencing heat or a change in temperature

1. Linear Expansion

2. Volume Expansion

2 Types of Thermal Expansion

Linear Expansion

This type of thermal expansion is for solid substance

Volume Expansion

This type of thermal expansion is for liquid substance

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

This law states that if two systems are in thermodynamic equilibrium with a third system, the two original systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other

First Law of Thermodynamics

This law states that energy can be converted from one form to another with the interaction of heat, work and internal energy, but it cannot be created nor destroyed, under any circumstances

Second Law of Thermodynamics

This law states that the state of entropy of the entire universe, as an isolated system, will always increase over time

Third Law of Thermodynamics

This law states that a system's entropy approaches a constant value as its temperature approaches absolute zero