mi unit 1/2 review

Antibody

An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response.

Antigen

A foreign macromolecule that does not belong to the host organism and elicits and immune response.

Bioinformatics

The collection, classification, storage, and analysis of biochemical and biological information using computers especially as applied in molecular genetics and genomics

Concentration

The amount of one substance in a certain volume of another substance.

ELISA

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Enzyme

Protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions

Genome

All the genetic information in an organism; all of an organism's chromosomes.

Medical Intervention

Any measure whose purpose is to improve health or alter the course of disease.

Outbreak

sudden start of something unwelcome

Pathogen

An organism that causes disease

Primer

A short strand of DNA or RNA required to form a longer chain of DNA

Serial Dilution

a stepwise dilution of a substance in a solution

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

Antibiotic

A chemical that kills bacteria or slows their growth without harming body cells.

Antibiotic Resistance

Resistance to one or more antibiotics, usually due to additional genetic information.

Conjugation

A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.

Nucleoid

Gel-like region within the cytoplasm containing chromosomal DNA

Transduction

The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another by a genetic vector. (DNA already in the cell)

Transformation

The genetic modification of a bacterium by incorporation of free DNA from another ruptured bacterial cell. (Chromosomal DNA)

Penicillin or B-Lactam Antibiotics

Damage and penetrate the cell wall of bacteria

Tetracycline

Binds to the 30s Ribosome of the bacteria

Sulfonamides

They bind and inhibit a specific enzyme dihydropteroate synthesis (Folic Acid)

Fluoroquinolones

Interrupt bacteria DNA replication so bacteria cannot multiply

Endotoxins

part of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria

Exotoxins

proteins synthesized by both gram neg and gram pos bacteria and function as potent toxins

Gram positive

-Very thick wall

-No outer membrane

-stains purple

Gram Negative

-Multiple layers

-Thin layer

-Stains red/pink

E. Coli I

(1.C.S) Chromosomal DNA and Resistant to Streptomycin

E. Coli II

(2.P.A) Plasmids and Resistant to Ampicillin

Audiogram

Graphic record of hearing

Cochlear Implant

an electronic device implanted in the cochlea that provides sound perception to patients with severe or profound sensorineural (nerve) hearing loss in both ears

Conductive Hearing Loss

Hearing loss or impairment resulting from interference with the transmission of sound waves to the cochlea. [Can't hear quiet sounds]

Hearing Aid

an external electronic device that uses a microphone to detect sounds. [Amplifies sound]

Inner Ear

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

Middle Ear

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window

Outer Ear

The portion of the ear consisting of the pinna and the external auditory canal. The outer ear is separated from the middle ear by the tympanic membrane (the eardrum).

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve

Sound

Mechanical energy that is transmitted by longitudinal pressure waves in a medium (such as water or air)

Rinne Test

hearing test using a tuning fork; checks for differences in bone conduction and air conduction

Amniocentesis

aspiration of a small amount of amniotic fluid for analysis of possible fetal abnormalities

14th-20th week

Anneal

reduce brittleness and improve toughness by heating and cooling (metal or glass). (94 degrees)

Carrier Screening

Indiscriminate examination of members of a population to detect heterozygotes for serious disorders

Chorionic villus Sampling (CVS)

Removes and analyzes a sample of the fetal portion of the placenta

10-13th week

Denaturation

In DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. (55 degrees)

Gene

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).

Genetic Counseling

A process of communication that deals with the occurrence or risk that a genetic disorder will occur in a family

Genetic testing

The use of methods to determine if someone has a genetic disorder, will develop one, or is a carrier

Karyotype

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

Newborn Screening

The analysis of a neonate's blood for metabolic or genetic disorders to prevent mental retardation, disability or death

Phenotype

Physical appearance

PCR

(polymerase chain reaction) multiple copies of a specific segment of DNA

PGD

preimplantation genetic diagnosis, where embryos free of certain mutations are implanted into the mother

Restriction enzyme

A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts up DNA.

SNP

One base-pair variation in the genome sequence

Supernatant

The (usually) clear liquid left behind after a precipitate has been spun down to the bottom of a vessel by centrifugation

Taq polymerase

A DNA synthesis enzyme that can withstand the high temperatures of PCR

Thermal Cycler

An instrument that automatically cycles through different temperatures used to complete PCR reactions

Ultrasonography

A noninvasive technique involving the formation of a two-dimensional image used for the examination and measurement of internal body structures and the detection of bodily abnormalities

Cloning

Using a somatic or body cell from a multicellular organism to make one or more genetically identical individuals

Gene Therapy

The altercation of the genes of a person afflicted with a genetic disease

in Vitro fertilization

A procedure in which gametes are fertilized in a dish in the laboratory, and the resulting zygote is implanted in the uterus for development

Sex Selection

Methods used to predetermine or diagnose the sex of an embryo for the purpose of selecting only those embryos of a particular sex for transplanting to the uterus of a woman

Vector

An agent that contains or carries modified genetic material and can be used to introduce extra genes into the genome of an organism

tt

non-taster

TT

taster

Gel electrophoresis

technique used to separate DNA according to size. DNA moves from - to +

Single Gene Disorder

Inherited and caused by a mutation in the DNA

Multifactorial Disorder

genetic and environmental factor

Chromosomal Disorder

down syndrome (three copies of chromosome 21), turners syndrome (female with a single X chromosome), Klinefelters syndrome (male with an extra X chromosome)

Mitochondrial disorder

Caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA (not in the nucleus). Mitochondrial DNA is only passed down by the mother (only one copy of the gene). Deals with energy and metabolism. It usually affects all cells in the body, but not always.

Extension

Polymerase extends primer to form nascent DNA strand. Add new nucleotides (72 degrees)

Reproductive cloning

Using a somatic cell from a multicellular organism to make one or more genetically identical individuals.

Therapeutic Cloning

produce embryo for stem cell research

Naked DNA

the DNA in prokaryotic cells that is not associated with proteins.

Pili

made of protein and allow bacteria to attach to other cells.

Capsule

protects the cell and is associated w/ pathogenic bacteria because serves as a barrier against phagocytosis by white blood cells.

ribosome

where Protein synthesis is taken place

Plasmid

small circular DNA fragments found in the cytoplasm that contains code responsible for antibiotic resistance.

Substrate

A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme

Centrifugation

separates the heavy cell components from the other waste products.

restriction analysis

Cutting DNA with different enzymes

Analyzing DNA fragments cut by a restriction enzyme

recognition of SNPs and cutting of DNA

DNA sequencing steps

1) Sample Prep

2) PCR Amp

3) PCR purification

4) Sequencing Prep

5) DNA sequencing

6) Sequence analysis

Pinna

a peak or climax, collects sound

Auditory Canal

the area that sound waves pass through to reach the eardrum

Eustachian Tube

an air duct from the middle ear to the throat that equalizes external and internal air pressure