whap 2.1-2.4

Peace of Augsburg

The peace treaty signed by Charles V and the Catholic Church to abolish religious intolerance and take away power from the Catholic Church.

Animism

The belief that everything has souls and a connection to nature; involves communication with nature’s spirits.

3 Sisters Crops

Maize, beans, and squash; these crops grew together well and helped populations grow.

Chiefdom

A community ruled by a chief who could be a monarch or part of an elected council.

Matrilineal

A system of tracing family lineage through the mother, common among many Native American societies.

Two-Spirits

Individuals who embody both male and female spirits in their identity.

Taino

The first people to have contact with Columbus; their population was wiped out by disease.

Town Charter

A document affirming a town's independence, akin to a city constitution.

Guilds

Groups of individuals organized by skills and occupation, often wielding significant political power.

Bills of Exchange

Letters for trade that promise to repay the original amount plus interest; an early form of credit.

Humanism

An intellectual movement emphasizing human potential and knowledge, fostered by classical texts.

Renaissance

A period of intellectual growth from 1300 to 1600, marked by a shift away from Catholic Church authority.

Black Death

A pandemic from 1347 to 1351 that ultimately contributed to the decline of serfdom.

Patronage

Support from wealthy individuals to artists, contributing to the Renaissance.

Printing Press

An invention that facilitated the spread of knowledge and increased literacy across Europe.

Lateen Sail

A triangular sail that improved navigation and speed for boats.

Caravel

A type of ship used for long-distance maritime trade.

Protestant Reformation

A movement initiated by Martin Luther's 95 theses, challenging the corruption of the Catholic Church.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods and ideas between Afro Eurasia and the Americas.

Staple Foods

High-calorie foods essential for sustaining large populations.

Cassava

A root vegetable high in fat that originated in South America but was introduced to Africa.

Smallpox

A devastating disease for Indigenous populations in the Americas, to which Europeans had better immunity.

Transatlantic Trade

Trade routes that connected the Americas with Europe and Africa, heavily influenced by mercantilism.

Conquistadors

Spanish explorers and conquerors who sought to acquire land and riches.

Maize

Corn, originally from the Americas, now widely cultivated globally.

Chattel Slavery

A system where individuals are treated as property owned by others.

Syncretism

The merging of different religious beliefs and practices.

Vodun

A New World syncretic faith combining West African animism with Christianity.

Peninsulares

Individuals born in Spain who held colonial authority in the Americas.

Viceroyalty

A position held by a peninsulare, acting as a deputy to the King in the colonies.

Chartered Company

An organization formed for the purpose of trade and colonization.

Metropole

The parent country or central state in a colonial empire.

Mercantilism

An economic theory focused on accumulating wealth through trade and colonies.

Hacienda System

Land ownership system in the Americas characterized by large estates worked by laborers.

Spanish Mita

A labor draft system used in the Spanish colonies, originally for mining.

Encomienda

A system that granted colonists the legal right to forced labor from Indigenous peoples.

Casta System

Social hierarchy in colonial Latin America based on race and ethnic background.