whap 2.1-2.4

	2.1, cont. 12. Peace of Augsburg the peace treaty signed by Charles V and the catholic church to abolish it’s religious intolerance and take away power from the catholic church. 13. animism everything has souls connection to nature shaman: communications with nature’s spirits 14. 3 Sisters Crops maize, beans, and squash Crops like these from the Americas grew well in Afro Eurasia, too, which helped them grow their populations when grown together, they grow well 15. chiefdom The chief rules the community, could be monarchy or elected council 16. matrilineal Trace your family through your mom (pretty universal amongst natives in north America) opposite of patriarchy 17. Two-Spirits people would have spirits of both men and women 18. Taino first people to have contact with Columbus died of disease, population wiped



2.1 Europe & the Americas, Part II 1. town charter A piece of paper that says this town is independent. City constitution 2. guilds individuals were grouped based on skills and occupation, like a cartel membership was a little restricted high members of guilds were powerful in government sometimes women were in guilds 3. bills of exchange letter for a trade, promise to pay back original amount + interest early form of credit led to more wars 4. Humanism intellectual movement result of exposure to classical texts emphasized the fact that humans have the capability to gain their own knowledge obsessed with Greek culture 5. Renaissance initial emergence with the expansion of humanist influence intellectual growth away from the Catholic Church 1300-1600 more “accessible” amongst upper class, serfs had nothing 6. Black Death 1347-1351 slowly leads to end of serfdom rapidly by trade networks (i.e., silk road) 7. patronage wealthy donor that supports artists rich people found ways to raise their legitimacy, increases their prestige cause of the Renaissance 8. printing press Facilitates the spread of knowledge and increased literacy could buy book from author, sell copies of the book led to short, angry pamphlets 9. lateen sail sail make boat fast - navigational technology 10. caravel big ship go across sea - trading technology 11. Protestant Reformation Martin Luther thought Catholic Church was corrupt, publishes 95 theses (all the things wrong with the Catholic Church) → leads to Protestant Reformation didn’t have bad intentions, just wanted to point out the facts, maybe change it a little a bunch of people go againt the Catholic Church government could break away from the Church

























	2.2 The Columbian Exchange How did food production differ from the east to west of the natives in the Americas? More east was agricultural production, more west was hunting What were the three reasons Europe colonized? Improvement in navigation tech, lack of access to Indian Ocean Trade Network, geographical proximity (closer than Asia) What were the improvements in navigation tech? Astrolabe, compass, lateen sail What were the things transported in the trade between the Americas and Afro Eurasia? Americas → Afroeurasia: plants, vegetation Afroeurasia → Americas: domesticated animals, diseases Why did the Columbian Exchange lead to other trade networks (Silk Road, Trans-Saharan) being affected? Its easier to travel by water vs. land There was an expanded role of coastline empires How did silver affect China? 19. Columbian Exchange How Afro Eurasia and the Americas get connected 20. staple foods High calorie foods. 21. cassava cassava root is high in fat and originated in South America, but was brought to africa to grow in similar conditions 22. smallpox













	disease that was detrimental to Indigenous people. Europeans were not as affected by these types of diseases in the Americas, they were more adapted 23. transatlantic trade the one in the middle

2.2, cont. 24. transpacific trade Silver from Americas → China 25. conquistadors Mean, mean, Spanish men. Eye spy with my little eye SPANISH LAND!!! 26. maize Corn (came from Americas originally, now grown in China)
	2.3, cont. 36. chattel slavery people are property 37. syncretism Having tolerance and embracing all religions 38. Vodun Ancient Afro-Haitian word that means god or spirit “A New World syncretic faith - combines the animist faiths of West Africa with Christianity It was brought with enslaved people to the Americas.” (Sofia C).

2.3 European Maritime Empires

What were the things invoked on colonies because of mercantilism?
1. Taxes, merchants in colonies can’t trade with non-metropole merchants
2. Restrict economic activities
What were the three activities that colonies SHOULD do?
1. Gold + silver mining, ranching (cattle, livestock [meat, leather, cheese]), cash crop plantation (tobacco, cotton, sugar)

27. peninsulares

People born in Spain that were selected by the Spanish crown to rule or something in a colony
People born in Americas WEREN’T eligible

28. viceroyalty

Viceroy = job by peninsulares, 2nd in command to the King

29. chartered company

Company formed for exploration and colonization

30. metropole

“parent country”

31. Mercantilism

State’s power measured by how much wealth (precious metal) they have
Purpose of colony is to provide wealth and support for the metropole
1. Restrictions on trade→can’t trade with merchants not in metropole

32. hacienda system

Auctioned land, people living in America permanently
Mines, plantations, NOT RANCHES

33. Spanish m’ita

Used strong legitimacy systems preexisting but for mining instead, “labor tax”

34. encomienda

Contract for labor, owner of hacienda is guaranteed the labor the Natives
“Permission” for violence against natives

35. casta system

new level of organization as a means of structuring divisions of social status (introduces concept of ‘clean / tainted blood’) → interracial marriages were permitted, but the children produced by way of such a union were regarded with diminished respect, according to the race of the wife / husband (separate from Spanish/European blood)
- notion popularized → ‘quality’ of blood = indication of quality of character
RACISM!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Whiter = higher

36. chattel slavery

people are property owned by someone else

37. syncretism

2 or more religions merging together

38. Vodun

Catholicism + West African animism
Practiced by victims of the Trans-atlantic slave trade who were forcibly turned into catholicism
Spirits were invoked by catholic rituals (crosses, holy water)