Motor Learning & Development Final Exam

Assessment

the procedure through which assessors (you) compile information on the processes of movement or the resultant products of movement

Movement

a possible action in which the body or part of the body moves through space: walking, climbing, ADLs, eating, writing, and many more

Evaluation

the use of information collected from assessment to make a judgement regarding one’s performance at that time (after assessment)

Formative Assessment

occur either at the beginning or the middle of a treatment schedule (think pre-test)

Summative Assessment

always occurs at the end of treatment (think post-test)

Any type of therapy, medicine, exercise, or treatment needs:

An Assessment

Why should we do each type of assessment?

• Formative assessment- to prove the need for PT, OT, meds, exercise, etc.

• Midpoint assessment- to understand if the selected treatment (therapy, drugs, lifts, etc.) is working

• Summative assessment- to discharge the client or possibly start a new schedule of treatment (My job is not one and done)

Life Span Facts

• 100 years ago, no country had a life expectany

• Today, many countries have a life expectancy over 80 years old

• US: 1990, life expectancy was 47.3 years

• 2010: 78.7 (CDC & NCHC)

• One half of the males born today will survive to 78 years and half of the females born today will survive to 83 years

• The pandemic had a negative effect

• 2020-2021 decline in US: LE dropped for 2nd consecutive years: 78.8 in 2019 to 77 in 2020 and 76.1 in 2021

Your career applied to life expectancy:

people are living to older ages and will need YOU and your careers more in the furture

Why is life expectancy longer now?

1. Reduced child mortality (death)

2. Medical Advancements

3. Improved living standards

Improved Living Standards

better sanitation, nutrition, hygiene, food supply (Quantity vs Quality), knowledge about smoking, stress, exercise vs. sedentary lifestyles, and self-care (self-exams)

Medical Advancements

vaccines, antibodies, therapies, surgeries, medicines, technology, and early detection capabilities

Reduced Child Mortality (death)

pre-natal care, pre- & post- natal nutrition, OBGYN knowledge, and care, and prevention

Gender Gap

LE between males and females has widened, with women living longer

Racial Decreases

native Americans and african americans experience larger decreases in LE (less access to healthcare)

Why are there decrease in life expectancy?

• COVID-19

• Increased deaths from accidents and unintentional injuries, drug overdoses, increase in traffic accidents

• Negative societal trends: unbalnced diets, sedentary lifestyles, high medical costs, high cost of insurance, increasing rates of suicide

Projections

the overall trend toward longer life spans is expected to continue

• By 2060: males 83.9 and females 87.3

Clients often perform better where rather than home?

in your presence

How should you facilitate the “transfer of learning”?

Teach activities they can practice at home

Skills General Definition

the ability to use one’s knowledge effectively and readily in execution or performance

Skills Text Definition

the learned ability to bring about predetermined results with MAXIMAL certainty with MINIMUM outlay of time, physical effort, or mental energy

Chain of Sensory Events

1. Vision, hearing, touch, smell

2. Central abilities: brain and CNS

3. Motor mechanics: how the body’s muscular, skeletal, and nervous system work together to produce movement and control

Motor Mechanics

understanding how muscles contract and relax, how joints move, and how the brain coordinates these actions

HPI

human performance improvement

HMI

human movement improvement (not as intense)

Two Systematic Approaches to Improve Human and Motor Performance

HPI & HMI

5 Gaps in Systematic Approaches to Improve Human Motor Performance

1. Knowledge

2. Skills

3. Abilities

4. Motivation

5. Environment (transfer of learning)

From A-Z

from the most unskilled, uncoordinated client to the most skilled, highest performer

3 Important Areas of Human Performance & Motor Improvement

1. Strength and endurance of muscles

2. Enhancing flexibility

3. Improving overall physical function through exercises and lifestyle changes

Cardiovascular Activities

walking, pool exercises, stationary bicycle (must have care in selecting based on patient)

How to Increase the 3 Important Areas of Human Performance and Movement

1. Frequency (how often)

2. Intensity (how hard)

3. Time (how long)

Examples of Improving Human Performance and Movement to Reduce Injuries

• Strength Training (bands, body weight)

• Flexibility and static and dynamic stretching exercises, foam rolling

Your career applied to human performance and movement improvement:

to assess and improve correct posture and movement patterns of ADLs and motor skills, while KEEPING THE CLIENT SAFE (walk out better not worse)

Each can be minimal for your 9:15 client and much higher for your 10:30 client

ABC vs. XYZ

3 Areas Skills Can Be Divided Into

1. Cognitive

2. Perceptual

3. Motor

Cognitive Skills

• mental processes of comprehension, judgement, memory, and reasoning (spectrum)

• intellectual ability of the mover

Perceptual Skills

conscious recognition and interpretation of sensory stimuli as a basis for understanding, learning, or knowing a particular action or reaction

Motor Skills

activity in a body part

What two skills are interconnected and develop together?

Cognitive & Motor

Example of All 3 Skills

Writing requires cognitive planning to form letters, put them in the correct order and memory to remember sentences, etc.

What does drawing, coloring, and using scissors require of performance and movement?

• Visual-motor coordination

• Spatial Reasoning

• Problem-solving

IMPORTANT

Help your clients to process sensory information and integrate it with accurate motor movements to correctly interact with the environment

Eye-hand Coordination

catching

Limb and Body Awareness

body parts in relation to each other

Spatial Awareness

objects in space

Directional Awareness

understanding up, down, left, right, forward, backward

What are the 3 categories that the 3 types of skills are classified as?

1. Locomotor

2. Nonlocomotor

3. Manipulative

Locomotor

pertaining to movement or the ability to move positions or placements

Ex: walking, climbing

Non-locomotor

body transport, also called axial movements, to maintain body balance and stability while in a fixed position (think milestones)

2 Parts of Non-locomotor

• Balance

• Stability

Stability

to maintain body position against gravity or other factors that increase the difficulty of the task

Ex: bending, stretching, lifting, twisting, rotating, pushing (ADLs?)

Why is mainting stability so important?

It is fundamental of sport-related motor skills, but also for reaching for a jar in the high cupboard, or unexpectedly stepping onto ice

Balance

the maintenance of equilibrium while either stationary or in motion

Your career in balance:

static and dynamic exercises designed to hep withstand postural sway or destabilization from the client or environment

Manipulative Skills

Skills the ability to accurately and effectively control objects: catching or throwing

2 Types of Manipulative Skills

• Gross motor skills

• Fine motor skills

How are motor skills divided up?

By the size of the muscle groups used to produce the movement

Gross Motor Skills

involve large muscle movements and coordination (quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteals)

-larger, stronger, less precise

Fine Motor Skills

gripping or making precise movements with the hands and fingers

-smaller weaker, more accuracy and control (typing, playing the piano or guitar)

Developmental Progression Pyramid (bottom-up)

• Sensory System (visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, olfactory, proprioception, vestibular)

• Gross Motor Skills (postural control/stability, muscle tone, strength)

• Fine Motor Skills (bilateral coordination, dexterity)

• Self Care Skills (toileting, grooming, dressing)

• Life Skills

Taxonomy

an orderly and progressive classification of principles based on each level’s relationship

22 (10+12) abilities for YOUR CAREER

From A-Z, athlete to 95 year old, highly motivated to no motivation, depends on pre-injury career or status

_____________ Taxonomy of Motor Abilities

Fleishman’s

You for taxonomy:

pre-test, post-test, retention tests, objective assessment, subjective assessment

Perceptual Motor Abilities

1. Control precision

2. Rate control

3. Aiming

4. Response orientation

5. Reaction time

6. Multi-limb coordination

7. Manual dexterity

8. Finger dexterity

9. Arm-hand steadiness

10. Wrist and finger speed

Control Precision

to make highly controlled movements with larger muscle groups

Rate Control

to make anticipatory adjustments in relation to a moving target (QB lecture)

Aiming

to make accurate hand movements directed at small targets (typing, texting)

Response Orientation

to make quick accurate decisions in the presence of multiple response options

Reaction Time

time between stimulus and the initiation of a response

Multi-limb Coordination

movements of 2, 3, 4 limbs simultaneously without moving the entire body (manual transmission)

Manual Dexterity

to manipulate large objects with the hands

Finger Dexterity

to manipulate small objects with the fingers (shaving, writing)

Arm-hand Steadiness

to move the hand and fingers precisely without regard to strength or speed surgery)

Wrist and Finger Speed

to move the fingers and wrist rapidly and accurately

Physical Proficiency Abilities

1. Explosive Strength

2. Static Strength

3. Truck Strength

4. Extent Flexibility

5. Dynamic Flexibility

6. Speed of Limb Movements

7. Static Balance

8. Dynamic Balance

9. Balancing Objects

10. Gross Body Coordination

11. Stamina

12. Dynamic Strength

Explosive Strength

to exert maximal energy in one act (sometimes called power)

Static Strength

to exert maximal force vs. an immovable or heavy objects

Trunk Strength

to exert repeated strength using the core muscles (sitting up, posture)

Extent Strength

to move the entire body through a large range of motion without injury

Dynamic Flexibility

to make repeated joint angle movements without injury

Speed of Limb Movement

to make fast, gross, and discrete limb movements without regard to accuracy (shot put)

Static Balance

to maintain body equilibrium in one position on one foot

Dynamic Balance

to maintain equilibrium while changing position

Balancing Objects

to balance an external object (pencil, dinner plate, a glass of water)

Gross Body Coordination

to coordinate gross motor activity of the whole body (stepping, climbing, walking)

Stamina

to perform prolonged exercises of the entire body (CV, respiratory, muscular systems)

Dynamic Strength

to exert repeated muscular force (also called ME)

CDC

Center for Disease Control

NCHS

National Center for Health Statistics