Ch 16 + Ch 3 (Therapy + Sleep, Dreams, Drugs)

psychodynamic

responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, gain insight into roots of difficulties, relief in “here and now”

foals of psychanalysis

Release repressed feelings, allowing to gain INSIGHT, know thyself

techniques for psychanalysis and psychodynamic

free association and hypnosis

hypnosis

put into a state of pre-consciousness in order to sort through hidden memories; therapist suggests things to answer

free association

talk about everything that comes to mind freely

transference

when the client moves feelings onto the therapist

counter transference

when the therapist moves feelings to client

want out of psychanalysis and psychodynamic

express emotions more effectively

thematic apperception test (TAT)

is a projective technique used to investigate a person's unconscious self

resistance

fight or disagree with therapist

humanistic therapies AKA

client centered therapy

goal of client centered therapy

cure ONESelf and focuses on self-perception

active listening

therapist will ONLY listen, and repeat the question back; they do not probe the client to talk

benefits of humanistic therapy

feel good about oneself because you figured it out; leads to unconditional positive regard

Behavior therapies (popular)

behavioral perspective

the application of learning principles to direct efforts to change clients' maladaptive behaviors.

exposure therapy

systematic desensitization and flooding

systematic desensitization

a step by step process to expose client to feared object in order to counteract phobia

flooding

Jumps right in

places the phobia directly with the client without a step by step process

virtual reality therapy

simulates the great fear

aversive conditioning

associate unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

(associate nausea with drinking clcohol)

token economy

positive reinforcement for wanted behaviors

this is often used for people with autism spectrum disorder

Rational emotive behavior therapy

aggressive approach to deal with cognitive issues, Therapist yells stop when patient expresses a self-defeating thought

“tough love”

Aaron Beck’s therapy for depression

gentler approach that reverses catastrophizing beliefs about themselves, situations, future

“gentle”

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) - most often used

alter the way people think and act

behavior changes first then cognitive change

ex) depressed person should smile or be more social in order to be less depressed

eclectic approach

An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

Groups therapy goals

HEAL relationships, open communication and prevent/resolve conflicts

“how to fight fairly”

John and Julie Gottman

• upset in argument - take a break

antipsychotic drugs

most well known is Thorazine for schizophrenia

effects are tardive dyskinesia which is uncontrollable facial movements

antianxiety drugs

Xanax used in combo with psychotherapy. Dependence is a major issue

Antidepressants

3 types are tricyclics, SSRIs, MAO inhibitors, there is a possible placebo effect

(Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil)

Mood-stabilizers

lithium (salt) is the most popular and can reduce risk of suicide

often for bi-polar disorder

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

effective shock treatment for patients who have not responded to drug therapy

however may have seizures; this is a lst resort

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

less severe form of ECT

Psychosurgery/Lobotomy

removing or destroying brain tissue. Very controversial and irreversible

insert a needle up a nose and scramble the brain

goals of therapeutic life-style change

restore healthy biological state in order to help the psychological state

resilience

ability to cope with stress and recover from adversity

post traumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result from challenges

doesn’t happen when you have good times

circadian

24-25 hours = Earth rotation

sleep is based on this

ultradian

cycle for appetite and hormones

Infradian

once a month or seasonal cycle

menstrual cycle

stages if first sleep cycle

stages 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM

REM

rapid eye movement

when body is paralyzed and where dreams occur

beta waves

stage 1 = awake

alpha waves

stage 2 = almost asleep

theta waves

stage 3 = transition to sleep

Delta waves

stage 4 = deep sleep

• body moves and you sleep talk

1 full cycle of sleep

90 min

information processing theory

dreams are to process the information of the day

activation synthesis theory

dreams come from pons (brain stem)

reason for the CRAZY dreams

Manifest content

dreams stem from the previous day’s experience and preoccupations

connects with information processing theory

latent content

dreams contain hidden meaning; dream interpretation

connects with activation synthesis

Insomnia

biggest sleep disorder

difficult transition to sleep; wake up in middle of night

can be no reason or lack of exercise, diet is wrong, blue light, etc.

narcolepsy

uncontrollable falling asleep [REM]

no cure and is RARE

trigger is INTENSE emotion

sleep apnea

temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

due to shift of jaw or medulla (brain); can lead to oxygen deficiency

no cure so use a CPAP machine to cause breathing while asleep

Night Terrors

appearance of being terrified but NOT nightmares

this happens in deep sleep [NREM3]

nightmares happen in REM

tolerance

diminishing effects of drugs; dosage will increase to get the same effect

withdrawal

physical and psychological distress when discontinuity of drug

neuroadaptation occurs = receptors have hard time adapting

addiction

compulsive craving and use of drug/activity/ etc. due to chemical stimulation in brain

Depressants

calm neural activity and slow body function

ex) alcohol, barbiturates, opiates,

stimulants

make you excited

nicotine, caffeine, meth, coke, ecstasy

hallucinogens

LSD, marijuana, mushrooms = in order to warp reality

anabolic steroids

muscle growth, hearts attacks, stroke, hair loss, genital shrinking

GHB and Rohypnol

“Date-Rape Drug”

clear liquid that has a relaxing effect, loss of consciousness, death, coma; put in drinks at bars

lithium

used to treat severe depression/bipolar disorders

thorazine

relieves positive symptoms of schizophrenia

clozaril

relieves positive and negative symptoms

in schizophrenia such as delusions, hallucinations, and catatonia

Benzodiazepenes

reduces anxiety by increasing GABA [neurotransmitter “STOP”]

decreases crazy thoughts

ritalin

used to treat ADHD

Adderall

more potent drug to treat ADHD

stimulates a part of the brain that controls thoughts

antidepressants

tri-cyclics, prozac, MAO inhibitors, SSRIs (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)