Every APHG vocab word ever

Place

A specific point on earth, distinguished by a particular characteristic. Every place occupies a unique location, or position, on the earth’s surface.

Region

An area of earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics.( North America, Latin America etc.)

Scale

The relationship between the portion of earth being studied and Earth as a whole. (Local, Global)

Space

The physical gap or interval between two objects.

Connection

The relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.

Map

A two dimensional or flat-scale model of earth’s surface, or a portion of it.

Cartography

Map making

Geotagging

Identification and storage of a piece of information by its precise latitude and longitude coordinates.

Geographic Information System(GIS)

Captures, stores, queries and displays geographic data. GIS produces maps that are more accurate.

Remote Sensing

The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting earth or from other long distance methods.

Map Scale

The relationship of a features size on a map to its actual size on earth.

Projection

The scientific method of transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map.

Meridian

An arc drawn between the North and South poles.

Longitude

The location of each meridian on the erath’s surface. VERTICAL

Parallel

A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator.

Latitude

The numbering system to indicate the location of parallel. ( Horizontal)

Prime Meridian

Passes though Greenwich, England, and is 0º longitude

Greenwich Mean Time

The timezones that are created by the longitude lines.

International Date Line

(Loosely) Follows 180º longitude and separate today and tomorrow

Toponym

The name given to a place on earth

Site

The physical character of a place ( Chicago )

Situation

the location of a place(site) relative to other places(sites)

Formal \\ Uniform Region

An area with which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics

Functional/ Nodal Region

An area organized around a node or focal point.

Vernacular Region

An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity. ( The American South ) Someone’s perception of a region.

Globalization

A force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope.

Distribution

The arrangement of something across the earth’s surface

Density

The frequency with which something exists/ appears in a given area

Concentration

Clustered, Dispersed, ( used in measuring denisty)

Pattern

The geometric arrangement of objects in “space”

Uneven development

The increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery that results from the globalization of the economy.

Hearth

A place from which an innovation originates.

Relocation diffusion

The movement of people/ phenomenon from one place to another

Hierarchical Diffusion

The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places.

Expansion diffusion

The spread of a feature from one place to another ( hierarchal, stimulus and contagious.)

Contagious diffusion

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

Stimulus diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself fails to diffuse. ( Red high heel —> blue high heel)

Distance decay

The farther away someone is from another, the less likely the two are to interact.

Space-time compression

Distance decay is much less severe due to new technology like cell phones.

Conservation

The sustainable use and management of earth’s natural resources to meet human needs such as food, medicine and recreation.

Diffusion

The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another

Location

The position of anything on Earth’s surface

Possiblism

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust it the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

Environmental Determinism

Argues that humans can adapt to the environment to an extent, and that the environment determines human civilization in the end

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

Population distribution

Where people live within a geographic area

Temperate climates

Climates with moderate temperatures and adequate precipitation amounts

Human migration

When people make a permanent move form one place to another

Arithmetic Density

Measures the total number of people per unit of land.

Physiological Density

The total number of people per unit of arable land

Arable land

Land that can be used to grow crops

Agricultural Density

Measures the total number of farmers per unit of arable land

Carrying capacity

The maximum population size and environment can sustain

Dependency ratio

The number of people in a dependent age group ( >15 or

Sex ratio

The proportion of males to females in a population

Demographics

Data about the structures and characteristics of human populations.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of births in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population.

Total fertility rate

The average number of children one woman in a given country or region will have during her childbearing years (15-49)

Morality

Deaths as a component of population change

Crude death rate (CDR)

The number of deaths of a given population per year per 1000 people.

Infant morality rate

The number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1000 live births.

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live

Population Pyramids

Graphs that show the age-sex distribution of a given population, which helps indicate whether the population is growing slowly or rapidly.

Rate of natural increase (RNI)

The different between the CBR and the CDR of a population

Doubling time

The number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate will double.

Overpopulation

A population that exceeds its sustainable size or carrying capacity.

Neo-Malthusian

Concerns about the sustainable use of the planet, claiming that Earth’s resources can only support a finite population

Demographic transition model

Represents the shifts in growth that the worlds populations have undergone-and are still experiencing-over time

Epidemiological transition model

Describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy and population age distribution, largely as a result of changes in causes of death.

Antinatalist

Governments who discourage their citizens from having children

Pro natalist

Governments that encourage births to accelerate growth

Land degredation

Long-term damage to the soil’s ability to support life.

Mobility

All types of movement from one location to another, whether temporary or permanent, long or short distance

Circulation

Temporary, repetitive movements that occur on a regular basis

Emigration

Moving away from a location

Immigration

Moving to a location

Net migration

The difference of the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location

Gravity model

Predicts the interaction between two or more places

Push Factor

A negative cause that compels someone to leave a location

Pull factor

A positive cause that attracts someone to a new location

Voluntary migration

When people choose to move to a new place

Forced migration

People are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors.

Transnational migration

Immigrants in a new country that retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties to their country of origin.

Internal migration

Movement within a country’s borders

Friction of distance

A concept that states the longer the journey is, the more time, effort, and cost it will involve.

Chain migration

People move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there.

Step migration

The series of smaller moves to get to the ultimate destination.

Intervening obstacle

Something negative that stops someone from migrating

Intervening opportunity

An occurrence that cause migrants to pause their journe by choice

Guest workers

Migrants who travel to a new country as temporary laborers.

Circular migration

When migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country

asylum

The right to protection in a new country

Internally displaced persons

People who have been forced to flee from their homes but remain within their country’s borders.

Human Trafficking

The recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means.

Repatriate

To return to a place of origin

Interrgional migration

Movements from one region of a country to another

Intraregional migration

Movement within one region of a country

Quotas

Limits on the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year.

Kinship links

Networks of relatives and friends

skills gap

a shortage of people trained in a particular industry