Studied by 26 peoplea plant responds to the environment by
turning towards the sun
The amoeba has a structure that allows it to
pump out excess water from its body (adaptation)
a horse gains it energy from
the grass it eats
a caterpillar undergoes dramatic changes as it
grows and develops
All organisms are composed of
cells
cells are the
smallest unit of life
The levels of organisation from simple to complex
Molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
cells work together to form
tissues
tissues that function together make
organs
DNA, proteins, carbs, and lipids are at the
molecular level
Genetics is the study of
heredity
anatomy is the study of
the structures of the body
botany is the study of
plants
Ecology is the study of
the environment
Hypothesis
an attempt to explain an event or set of observations
two parts of an experiment
the experimental set up and the control set up
Microscope
an instrument that produces enlarged images of a specimen
the best light microscope can
magnify up to 1500x’s
good resolution means
the image is clear
atom
the smallest particle of an element that has the element’s properties
the 3 particles that make up an atom
proton, neutron, electron
the first energy level in an atom holds
maximum 2 electrons
the atomic number is determined by the
number of protons in an element
water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide
inorganic
Any molecule with carbon ( carbs, proteins, lipids, ans nucleic acids )
organic
carbon has
six electrons (four available for bonding)
Functional Groups
groups of atoms that carry out chemical reactions
Monomer
small building block molecule
Polymers
molecules formed by linking 2 or more monomers
dehydration
the process of removing water to form a compound
Hydrolysis
the process of splitting a molecule with water
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
the three elements that make up carbohydrates
monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
glucose
blood sugar
fructose
fruit sugar
galactose
found in milk
disaccharides
sucrose, lactose
sucrose
table sugar
lactose
milk sugar
polysaccharides
chitin, cellulose, glycogen, starch
Chitin
exoskeleton of certain animals
cellulose
cell walls of plants, gives plants support
glycogen
how animals store excess sugar
starch
how plants store excess sugar
Lipids
fats, waxes, steroids, phospholipids
saturated fats
made of fatty acids containing no double bonds
peptide consists of
two or more amino acids and they make up proteins
amino acid contains
an amino functional group and a carboxyl functional group
Enzymes
proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body
the cell theory
all organisms are made of one or more cells
cells are the basic units of life
all cells came from already existing cells
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
discovered tiny animals (bacteria) and human blood cells
Robert Hooke
discovered and named cells
Matthias Schleiden
proposed that cells are the basic building blocks of all PLANT matter
Theodor Schwann
proposed that cells are the basic building blocks of all ANIMALS
Rudolf virchow
discovered that living cells produce new cells through division
prokaryotic cells
unicellular organisms
eukaryotic cells
multicellular organisms
diffusion
the net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
osmosis
the diffusion of water
hypotonic solution
the concentration of solutes is lower than the concentration of solutes inside the cells so water moves into the cell
hypertonic solutions
the concentration of solutes is higher than the concentration of solutes inside the cell so water moves out of the cell
Isotonic solution
the concentration of solutes is equal
active transport
uses energy to take molecules across the membrane
bulk transport
moves large molecules across the membrane
endocytosis
brings in large molecules in bulk
exocytosis
removes large molecules in bulk
the cell cycle
the phases of the life of the cell
interphase
cell growth prior to division
cell divison is made up of
mitosis and cytokinesis
during interphase
the chromosomes replicate
phases of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telaphase
prophase
chromosomes shorten, condense, and become visible
nuclear membrane begins to disappear
metaphase
chromosomes line up in the middle
spindle fiber attaches to the centromere
anaphase
sister chromatin pull apart to opposite sides of the cell
telphase
cytokenesis begins
new nuclear envelope forms
gametes
sexual reproductive cells that result from meiosis
zygote
single cells that results from sexual reproduction
homologous pairs of chromosomes
are matching pairs
meiosis I
separates homologus pairs of chromosomes
meiosis II
separates sister chromatin
trait
any characteristic that can be passed down from parent to offspring
Hybrid
gets different genetic information from each parent
recessive trait
what Mendel called the trait that did not show up in the hybrid
mendel hypothesized that each trait is controlled by
a factor we now call a gene
allele
different version of a gene for the same trait
genotype
the actual genetic makeup of an organism
heterozygous
an organism with two alleles for a trait that are different
punnett square
a grid that shows all possible results of a genetic cross
incomplete dominance
there are no dominant or recessive alleles; the heterozygote shows an in between of the two homozygous phenotype
co dominance
both homozygous phenotypes show up in the heterozygous
AB blood
example of co dominance
polygenic traits
eye, skin, hair color
down syndrome
trisome 21
down syndrome symptoms
flat or moon face
slanted and almond shaped eyes
low set small ears
thick protruding tongue
turners syndrome
genotype XO (monosomy of the X chromosome)
Turners syndrome symptoms
only girls
webbed neck
infertility
shorter than normal
Klinefeller’s syndrome
trimsome 23
klinefellers syndrome symptoms
men can have female characteristics
round hips
breast developments
less body hair
only hairs
Cri Du Chat
Structural deletion of the 5th chromosome
Cri Du Chat symptoms
infants crying sounds like a cat
small head
cleft pallet
wide set eys
low IQ
Note 
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