Biology Midterm

a plant responds to the environment by

turning towards the sun

The amoeba has a structure that allows it to

pump out excess water from its body (adaptation)

a horse gains it energy from

the grass it eats

a caterpillar undergoes dramatic changes as it

grows and develops

All organisms are composed of

cells

cells are the

smallest unit of life

The levels of organisation from simple to complex

Molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

cells work together to form

tissues

tissues that function together make

organs

DNA, proteins, carbs, and lipids are at the

molecular level

Genetics is the study of

heredity

anatomy is the study of

the structures of the body

botany is the study of

plants

Ecology is the study of

the environment

Hypothesis

an attempt to explain an event or set of observations

two parts of an experiment

the experimental set up and the control set up

Microscope

an instrument that produces enlarged images of a specimen

the best light microscope can

magnify up to 1500x’s

good resolution means

the image is clear

atom

the smallest particle of an element that has the element’s properties

the 3 particles that make up an atom

proton, neutron, electron

the first energy level in an atom holds

maximum 2 electrons

the atomic number is determined by the

number of protons in an element

water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide

inorganic

Any molecule with carbon ( carbs, proteins, lipids, ans nucleic acids )

organic

carbon has

six electrons (four available for bonding)

Functional Groups

groups of atoms that carry out chemical reactions

Monomer

small building block molecule

Polymers

molecules formed by linking 2 or more monomers

dehydration

the process of removing water to form a compound

Hydrolysis

the process of splitting a molecule with water

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

the three elements that make up carbohydrates

monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

glucose

blood sugar

fructose

fruit sugar

galactose

found in milk

disaccharides

sucrose, lactose

sucrose

table sugar

lactose

milk sugar

polysaccharides

chitin, cellulose, glycogen, starch

Chitin

exoskeleton of certain animals

cellulose

cell walls of plants, gives plants support

glycogen

how animals store excess sugar

starch

how plants store excess sugar

Lipids

fats, waxes, steroids, phospholipids

saturated fats

made of fatty acids containing no double bonds

peptide consists of

two or more amino acids and they make up proteins

amino acid contains

an amino functional group and a carboxyl functional group

Enzymes

proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body

the cell theory

* all organisms are made of one or more cells
* cells are the basic units of life
* all cells came from already existing cells

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek

discovered tiny animals (bacteria) and human blood cells

Robert Hooke

discovered and named cells

Matthias Schleiden

proposed that cells are the basic building blocks of all PLANT matter

Theodor Schwann

proposed that cells are the basic building blocks of all ANIMALS

Rudolf virchow

discovered that living cells produce new cells through division

prokaryotic cells

unicellular organisms

eukaryotic cells

multicellular organisms

diffusion

the net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

osmosis

the diffusion of water

hypotonic solution

the concentration of solutes is __lower__ than the concentration of solutes inside the cells so water moves __into__ the cell

hypertonic solutions

the concentration of solutes is __higher__ than the concentration of solutes inside the cell so water moves __out__ of the cell

Isotonic solution

the concentration of solutes is equal

active transport

uses energy to take molecules across the membrane

bulk transport

moves large molecules across the membrane

endocytosis

brings in large molecules in bulk

exocytosis

removes large molecules in bulk

the cell cycle

the phases of the life of the cell

interphase

cell growth prior to division

cell divison is made up of

mitosis and cytokinesis

during interphase

the chromosomes replicate

phases of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telaphase

prophase

* chromosomes shorten, condense, and become visible
* nuclear membrane begins to disappear

metaphase

* chromosomes line up in the middle
* spindle fiber attaches to the centromere

anaphase

sister chromatin pull apart to opposite sides of the cell

telphase

* cytokenesis begins
* new nuclear envelope forms

gametes

sexual reproductive cells that result from meiosis

zygote

single cells that results from sexual reproduction

homologous pairs of chromosomes

are matching pairs

meiosis I

separates homologus pairs of chromosomes

meiosis II

separates sister chromatin

trait

any characteristic that can be passed down from parent to offspring

Hybrid

gets different genetic information from each parent

recessive trait

what Mendel called the trait that did not show up in the hybrid

mendel hypothesized that each trait is controlled by

a factor we now call a gene

allele

different version of a gene for the same trait

genotype

the actual genetic makeup of an organism

heterozygous

an organism with two alleles for a trait that are different

punnett square

a grid that shows all possible results of a genetic cross

incomplete dominance

there are no dominant or recessive alleles; the heterozygote shows an in between of the two homozygous phenotype

co dominance

both homozygous phenotypes show up in the heterozygous

AB blood

example of co dominance

polygenic traits

eye, skin, hair color

down syndrome

trisome 21

down syndrome symptoms

* flat or moon face
* slanted and almond shaped eyes
* low set small ears
* thick protruding tongue

turners syndrome

genotype XO (monosomy of the X chromosome)

Turners syndrome symptoms

* only girls
* webbed neck
* infertility
* shorter than normal

Klinefeller’s syndrome

trimsome 23

klinefellers syndrome symptoms

* men can have female characteristics
* round hips
* breast developments
* less body hair
* only hairs

Cri Du Chat

Structural deletion of the 5th chromosome

Cri Du Chat symptoms

* infants crying sounds like a cat
* small head
* cleft pallet
* wide set eys
* low IQ