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Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established the principle of judicial review, allowing courts to declare laws unconstitutional.

Judicial Review

The power of courts to assess whether a law is in compliance with the Constitution.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Established that Congress has implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause.

Necessary and Proper Clause

Grants Congress the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying out its responsibilities.

Supremacy Clause

States that federal law takes precedence over state law.

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Upheld the conviction of distributing anti-draft leaflets, introducing the 'clear and present danger' test.

First Amendment

Protects freedoms concerning religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Ruled that racial segregation in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause.

Equal Protection Clause

Prohibits states from denying any person equal protection under the law.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Ruled that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer.

Establishment Clause

Prohibits the government from establishing an official religion.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Held that the right to counsel in criminal cases is a fundamental right.

6th Amendment

Guarantees the right to counsel and a fair trial.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Protected students' rights to free speech in public schools.

New York Times v. United States (1969)

Emphasized the importance of a free press, ruling against prior restraint.

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Ruled that Amish children cannot be compelled to attend school past the eighth grade for religious reasons.

Free Exercise Clause

Protects individuals' rights to practice their religion without government interference.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Found that a woman's right to choose an abortion is protected by the Due Process Clause.

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

Ruled that redistricting based on race must be scrutinized under the Equal Protection Clause.

U.S. v. Lopez (1995)

Limited Congress's power under the Commerce Clause concerning the Gun-Free School Zones Act.

2nd Amendment

Protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

Incorporated the 2nd Amendment to apply to state and local governments.

Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

Ruled that political spending is a form of protected free speech under the First Amendment.