ch 12 rg

DNA

DNA

a polymer composed of 2 polynucleotide chains that form a double helix carrying genetic instructions

histones

dna wraps around _______ (think of fargo and the mouse)

shape DNA

histones are proteins that help maintain the _____ of chromosomes and aid in the tight packing of ___

nucleosome

dna wrapped around an octet of histones is called a…

allosomes

sex chromosomes are also called

autosomes

somatic/body chromosomes are also called

XX

females

XY

males

44

how many autosomes does a human normally have

22

how many pairs of autosomes does a human normally have

karyotype

a chromosome map is called a

body 46

somatic cells are ____ cells and have __ chromosomes

reproductive 23

gametes are _________ cells and have __ chromosomes

2

diploid cells have how many sets of chromosomes

2n

diploid cells are abbreviated as

1

a haploid cell has _ set of chromosomes

sperm and egg

what kind of cells are haploid?

n

how are haploid cells abbreviated

46 46 diploid 2n 23 haploid 1n 46

think of the little picture we drew: the girls body was __, boys body was __, those were _______ and __, and the egg and sperm were __ and ________ and __, and the egg plus sperm made another human that was __

down syndrome

extra 21st chromosome is

turner syndrome

females lacking 1 x chromosome is

klinefelter’s syndrome

have XXY is

patau syndrome

extra 13th chromosome is

47, XY, +21

karyotype of a male with down syndrome

47, XY, +13

karyotype of male with patau syndrome

interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis G1 S G2

write out the whole cell cycle

okay!!

look at your woobie for the specifics of what is happening in each part of the cell cycle!!

bacteria

an example of prokaryotes is

binary fission

the division of a prokaryotic cell into two identical offspring cells aka asexual reproduction

g1 g2 g1 mitosis

when a g1 cell is fused with an s-phase cell, DNA replication happens in the __ nucleus, probably because of s-cdk activity in the s cell. BUT g2 with an s phase does not mean dna synthesis in __. SO only __ cells can do dna replicate and that cells that did s phase (otherwise known as g2 cells) can’t re-replicate their dna even when they are given some s-cdk acticity. SO going through ______ is required for the cell to be able to go through s phase again.

washing machine g1 g0

we compared the cell control system to a…. meaning there are different checkpoints to go through. if it doesnt go through the checkpoint at __, it will go into a nondividing state called __

cdk cyclins

cyclin dependent kinases (or ___) are enzymes, and their activity fluctuates bc they’re controlled by _______, which are called that bc their concentrations vary with the cell cycle

mpf g2

maturation promoting factor (___) is a cyclin-cdk that triggers a cells passage past the __ checkpoint into mitosis

spindle apparatus anaphase

internal signal example: kinetochores not attached to ______ _________ and this delays _______

growth factors

external signal example: ______ _______ (proteins released by certain cells that tell other cells to divide)

crowded cells stop dividing

density dependent inhibition is where

uncontrolled cell replication

what is cancer?

substration

anchorage dependence means cells must be attached to a ________ to dividide

growth

cancer cells do not have density dependent inhibition or anchorage dependence, they’re also super weird about ______ factors

transformation

normal cell → cancer cell

noncancerous metasize

benign tumor: abnormal but ________ mass of cells that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue (aka _________)

malignant tumor

the tendency of tumors to become progressively worse and maybe result in death

metastasis

spread of a cancer from one organ to another NON ADJACENT organ