NCSU Lisa Parks All 3 Exam Compilation

central vacuole function

Sequesters water and waste products

mitochondria function

ATP synthesis

Ribosomes function

enables protein synthesis

Golgi Apparatus function

sorts and distributes protiens

lysosomes function

site for macromolecule degradation

mitochondria is found in

Eukaryotes only (Plants AND Animals)

Ribosomes are found in

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Nucleoid Region is found in

Prokaryotes

Chloroplasts are found in

Plant cells only

Cell walls are found in

Prokaryotes and Plant Cells Only

All of the following are functions of lipids except

component of enzymes

Which of the following would lower the activation energy necessary to start a reaction?

introducing an enzyme specific to that reaction, increasing heat without denaturing proteins

The actual sequence of amino acids is referred to as its

Primary Structure

Which of the following statements is NOT part of the cell theory?

Eukaryotic cells have evolved from prokaryotic cells

the outside of the cell has 30.0mM of KCl while the inside has 3mM KCl. if the membrane is impermeable to KCl, which direction will water move and by what mechanism

out of the cell by osmosis

referring to the question above, what can you say about the composition of the environments inside and outside the cell?

the inside is hypotonic to the outside

Phospholipids

are the majority component of plasma membranes

Which of the following may affect enzyme activity?

Temperature, pH, inhibitors

During a redox reaction, the molecule that loses an electron has been

oxidized and now has a lower energy level

put the following steps in order of activation
1: Water is added to catalyze hydrolysis
2:New products released from enzyme
3: Substrate binds specifically to enzyme
4:Substrate undergoes chemical change

3-1-4-2

What is likely the function of an integral protein that passes through the membrane multiple times?

channel

Put the following sequence of events in order starting with the carrier binding to intracellular Na+
1: Conformation exposes K+ binding sites and allows K+ to bind to the carrier
2: ATP phosphorylates carrier bound to NA+
3: K+ binding triggers dephosphorylation of carrier
4: Carrier changes conformation and releases K+ into the cell
5: Conformational change in carrier reduces affinity for NA+

2-5-1-3-4

All of the following are functions of the cytoskeleton EXCEPT

produces ATP for cell motility

How is facilitated diffusion different from simple diffusion?

Facilitated diffusion requires a transport protein

All of the following are components of a nucleic acid EXCEPT

sulfur

_________ is the kind of microscopy you would use to see cell organelles in a thin cross section

TEM

The DNA in a prokaryote is ________

Circiular

What type of fatty acid chain would be most likely to be more fluid?

unsaturated

_________ is a type of bulk transport that allows molecules to have the cell

Exocytosis

sodium channels are open and potassium channels are closed during

depolarization

During repolarization, the membrane potential is

becoming more negative

The water necessary for photosynthesis

provides the electrons to replace lost electrons in photosystem II

Which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis?

FADH2 and CO2

The final electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain is

oxygen

A protein kinase is

an enzyme that adds a phosphate to a molecule

In the TedTalk video, quorum sensing is used by bacteria to

communicate with bacteria of the same species using specific molecules
communicate with bacteria of different species using specific molecule
sallow bacteria to produce a coordinated response to the environment (like Glow)
launch an attack on the host organism

If a membrane is hyperpolarized

it makes it harder for an action potential to occur, and it is more negative

If you were preparing a study guide to describe photosynthesis light reactions, which term would not be used?

CO2

Photorespiration

is an inefficient way plants can produce organic molecules and in the process use oxygen and release carbon dioxide

If the thylakoid membrane became leaky to ions, what would you predict to be the result on the light reactions?

It would stop ATP production.

The purpose of the fermentation process is the

regeneration of NAD+.

The non-light requiring reactions of photosynthesis occur in the

stroma

If glucose isn't available, what other molecules can drive oxidative phosphorylation?

fatty acids

When a G-protein is activated, what happens to it?

it splits and binds to a membrane enzyme

How does cyclic photophosphorylation differ from non-cyclic photophosphorylation?

it doesn't use photosystem II and it doesn't produce NADPH

What are the end products of the Calvin Cycle?

sugar only

Put the following events into the correct sequence.
1. cellular protein is phosphorylated
2. G protein is activated
3. cAMP is produced
4. Signal molecule binds to membrane receptor
5. GPCR is activated

4-5-2-3-1

How many CO2 molecules are released in the pyruvate oxidation step per glucose?

2

How many NADH are produced in the pyruvate oxidation reaction per pyruvate?

1

How many CO2 molecules are given up in the 4 reactions of cellular respiration per glucose molecule?

6

How many ATP are produced by oxidative phosphorylation in the glycolysis step per glucose?

0

How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose in the citric acid cycle only?

2

How many FADH2 molecules are produced in the citric acid cycle per acetyl CoA?

1

Number of carbons in a RuBP molecule

5

Number of NADPHs needed in the fixation phase only for every 6 CO2 incorporated

0

Number of ATPs needed in the regeneration phase only for every 6CO2 incorporated.

6

Number of ATPs needed in the reduction phase only of the Calvin cycle for every 6CO2 incorporated

12

Number of NADPHs needed in the regeneration phase only for every 6CO2 incorporated.

0

Number of CO2 molecules needed to produce one molecule of sugar (that can be converted to glucose) in the Calvin cycle

6

grana

stacks of thylakoid membranes

photosystem I

reaction center that helps produce ATP

stoma

pore on underside of leaf for allowing CO2 and O2 exchange

guard cells

structure responsible for opening and closing pores on leaf

photosystem II

reaction center that helps split water to gain electrons

chlorophyll b

secondary pigment in plants for photosynthesis

Cyclic photophosphorylation produces additional ________________ to run the Calvin Cycle.

ATP

________________________ are photopigments in plants that act to dissipate the light and offer photoprotection for the plant.

carotinoids

ATP synthase is an important molecular machine in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Where is ATP synthase within the chloroplast? Be specific.

thylakoid membrade

___________________________ signal molecules bind to receptors in the cytoplasm to trigger a cellular response

hydrophobic

________________________________ is the enzyme that uses a H+ gradient to produce ATP.

ATP synthase

. ____________________________ is the process where a membrane becomes less negative \ relative to the surrounding environment.

Depolarization

According the TEDTalk video, Vibrio fischeri release a chemical signal and turns on a cellular response that allows it to do what? ________________________

Bioluminate

___________________________________ is plant growth in response to light.

phototropism

Plants are required to adapt to changing environments because they can't get up and walk away. Give one adaptation that a plant might have to help it survive drought.

waxy leaves to not lose H2O to transpiration

Beadle and Tatum

-looked for fungal cells lacking specific enzymes
-proposed one gene-one enzyme hypothesis

central dogma of molecular biology

states information only flows from DNA to RNA to Protien

Transcription

DNA is transcribed into an RNA copy

Translation

mRNA is translated into a polypeptide at the ribosome

codon

set of 3 nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid

reading frame

the series of nucleotides read in sets of 3 (codon)

RNA polymerase

the enzyme that synthesizes RNA from the DNA template

template strand

strand of the DNA double helix used to make RNA

coding strand

strand of DNA that is complementary to the template strand

Transcription proceeds through:

•initiation - RNA polymerase identifies where to begin transcription
•elongation - RNA nucleotides are added to the 3' end of the new RNA
•termination - RNA polymerase stops transcription when it encounters terminators in the DNA sequence

Translation proceeds through:

•initiation - mRNA, tRNA, and ribosome come together
•elongation - tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into the polypeptide
•termination - ribosome encounters a stop codon and releases polypeptide

messenger RNA (mRNA)

carries the information from DNA that encodes proteins

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

is a structural component of the ribosome

transfer RNA (tRNA)

carries amino acids to the ribosome for translation

Transcription Initiation

the promoter functions as a recognition site for a sigma factor. RNA polymerase is bound to a sigma factor, which causes it to recognize the promotor. Following binding, the DNA is unwound into a bubble known as the complex

Transcription Elongation

Sigma factor is released and RNA polymerase slides along the SNA in an open complex to synthesize RNA

Transcription Termination

When RNA polymerase reaches the terminator, it and the RNA transcript dissociate from the DNA

In eukaryotes, the primary transcript must be modified by:

•addition of a 5' cap
•addition of a 3' poly-A tail
•removal of non-coding sequences (introns)

tRNA molecules ...

carry amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into a polypeptide

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

add amino acids to the acceptor arm of tRNA

anticodon loop

contains 3 nucleotides complementary to mRNA codons

A site

•binds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to attach to the growing chain

P site

binds the tRNA attached to the growing peptide chain

E site

binds the tRNA that carried the amino acid it just attached

Translation Initiation

mRNA, tRNA, and the ribosomal subunits form a complex

Translation Elongation

The ribosome travels in the 5' to 3' direction and synthesizes a polypeptide