AP Bio Exactly CED Aligned Active Recall Questions

Tell me all the bonding shit with water

Water has polar covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen, meaning electrons are shared unequally, which makes water polar; its polarity also allows hydrogen bonding between and within biological molecules.

What are the 2 benefits of water and what do they do?

Water has a high specific heat capacity, which helps maintain stable temperatures, and a high heat of vaporization, which allows evaporative cooling.

What do hydrogen bonds in water result in?

Hydrogen bonds in water result in cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension.

What is cohesion in water?

Cohesion is when water molecules stick to each other.

What is adhesion in water?

Adhesion is when water molecules stick to other polar surfaces.

What is surface tension in water?

Surface tension is the resistance of the surface of water to breaking, caused by cohesive forces between water molecules.

How do living things make molecules that they need?

Living organisms obtain atoms and molecules from their surroundings and use them to make the molecules they need.

What are the most prevalent elements to build biological molecules?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are the most prevalent elements used to build biological molecules.

What is a macromolecule?

A macromolecule is a large biological molecule.

What are some major biological macromolecules?

Major biological macromolecules include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

What element is used to build proteins?

Sulfur is used in the building of proteins.

What elements are used to build phospholipids and nucleic acids?

Phosphorus is used in the building of phospholipids and nucleic acids.

What element is used to build just nucleic acids?

Nitrogen is used in the building of nucleic acids.

What is a monomer?

A monomer is a small building

What is a polymer?

A polymer is a larger molecule made of many repeating monomers joined together.

What is hydrolysis and how does it work?

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction that breaks molecules into smaller molecules by adding water; the hydrogen from water is added to one monomer and the hydroxyl group is added to the other, breaking the bond.

What is dehydration synthesis and how does it work?

Dehydration synthesis occurs when two smaller molecules are joined by a covalent bond by removing water; a hydrogen is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group from the other.

What is polymerization?

Polymerization is the connection of many monomers into a large molecule.

What is a carbohydrate?

A carbohydrate is a biological macromolecule built from sugar subunits.

What is a carbohydrate function dependent on?

Carbohydrate function is dependent on structure.

What is a monosaccharide?

A monosaccharide is a simple sugar and the monomer for polysaccharides.

What is a polysaccharide?

A polysaccharide is a complex carbohydrate made of many monosaccharides joined together.

How are monosaccharides connected?

Monosaccharides are connected by covalent bonds.

What shape can polysaccharides be?

Polysaccharides can be linear or branched.

Gimme some examples of polysaccharides

Examples of polysaccharides include cellulose, starch, and glycogen.

Tell me two features of lipids

Lipids are typically nonpolar and hydrophobic.

What does structure and function of lipids depend on?

The structure and function of lipids depend on how their subcomponents are assembled.

Fatty acids can be _ or _

Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated.

Saturated fatty acids vs unsaturated fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

Tell me features of unsaturated fatty acids

Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond that causes the chain to kink, and the more unsaturated the lipid is, the more liquid it is at room temperature.

Give examples of lipids

Examples of lipids include fats, steroids including cholesterol, and phospholipids.

What do fats do?

Fats provide energy storage and support cell function, and in some cases also provide insulation.

What is a hormone?

A hormone is a chemical messenger that regulates body processes.

What do steroids do?

Steroids are hormones that support growth and development, energy metabolism, and homeostasis.

What does cholesterol do?

Cholesterol provides essential structural stability to animal cell membranes.

What do phospholipids do?

Phospholipids group together to form the lipid bilayers found in plasma and cell membranes.

Examples of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA are examples of nucleic acids.

How are nucleic acids encoded with information?

Biological information in nucleic acids is encoded in the sequence of nucleotide monomers.

What does each nucleotide contain?

Each nucleotide contains a five

Tell all nitrogenous bases

The nitrogenous bases are adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

Tell how the sequence of nucleotides is organized

Nucleic acids have a linear sequence of nucleotides with ends defined by the 3’ hydroxyl and 5’ phosphate of the sugar.

How are nucleotides added?

Nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the growing strand, forming covalent bonds between nucleotides.

What is DNA structure?

DNA is an antiparallel double helix with two strands running in opposite 5’ to 3’ directions.

Tell me nitrogenous base pairs and how they are bonded

In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine through hydrogen bonds; in RNA, adenine pairs with uracil.

Differences RNA vs DNA

DNA contains deoxyribose, thymine, and is typically double stranded, while RNA contains ribose, uracil, and is typically single stranded.

Proteins are linear chains of _ joined by _

Proteins are linear chains of amino acids joined by covalent peptide bonds.

What is a polypeptide?

A polypeptide is a chain of many amino acids.

How is peptide bond formed?

A peptide bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group of the next amino acid.

What does each amino acid contain?

Each amino acid contains a central carbon, a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a variable R group.

What can the R groups be?

R groups can be hydrophobic or nonpolar, hydrophilic or polar, or ionic.

What helps determine structure and function of regions in protein?

Interactions among R groups help determine the structure and function of regions in the protein.

What does secondary structure result from?

Secondary structure results from local folding of the polypeptide backbone.

What does hydrogen bonding form structures like in proteins?

Hydrogen bonding forms structures such as alpha

What does tertiary structure result from?

Tertiary structure results from hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ionic interactions, and disulfide bridges.

What does quaternary structure arise from?

Quaternary structure arises from interactions between multiple polypeptides.

Tell me all about ribosomes

Ribosomes are made of rRNA and protein, are non

What is in the endomembrane system and what does it do

The endomembrane system includes the ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles and transport vesicles, nuclear envelope, and plasma membrane; it modifies, packages, and transports polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins.

What do rough ER and smooth ER do

Rough ER is associated with membrane

What is the Golgi complex and what does it do

The Golgi complex is a series of flattened membrane sacs that folds and chemically modifies newly synthesized cellular products and packages proteins for trafficking.

What do mitochondria do

Mitochondria carry out reactions involved in aerobic cellular respiration and synthesize ATP efficiently using their highly folded inner membrane.

What does the lysosome do

Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest material and also play a role in programmed cell death, or apoptosis.

What do vacuoles do

Vacuoles are membrane

What do chloroplasts do

Chloroplasts are the location of photosynthesis in plants and photosynthetic algae.

What does surface area to volume ratio affect

Surface area

What do smaller cells usually have

Smaller cells usually have a higher surface area

What does higher surface area mean and what does higher volume mean

Higher surface area means more area for exchange across the membrane, while higher volume means greater internal resource demand.

As cells increase in volume what happens to the SA:V ratio

As cells increase in volume, the surface area

What can help increase surface area

More complex cellular structures such as membrane folds can help increase surface area.

Give examples of structures that increase surface area for exchange

Examples include root hairs, guard cells, gut epithelial cells, cilia, and stomata.

If organisms increase in size, what happens and what is the consequence

As organisms increase in size, their surface area

What is the relationship between metabolic rate per unit body mass and organism size

Typically, the smaller the organism, the higher the metabolic rate per unit body mass.

What does the plasma membrane do

The plasma membrane helps maintain the cell’s internal environment by forming a boundary between the inside and outside of the cell.

Tell me about phospholipids and how phospholipids are arranged in the membrane

Phospholipids have hydrophilic phosphate heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails; in the membrane, the heads face the aqueous internal and external environments and the tails face each other, forming a phospholipid bilayer.

Tell me about embedded proteins

Embedded proteins can be hydrophilic, hydrophobic, or both, which allows them to interact with the watery environments and the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.

How do the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of membrane proteins relate to the membrane

The hydrophilic regions of membrane proteins are either inside the protein or exposed to the cytosol, while the hydrophobic regions interact with the fatty acid interior of the membrane.

What is the fluid mosaic model

The fluid mosaic model describes the membrane as a phospholipid framework with embedded proteins, steroids such as cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

What things are found in the membrane in the fluid mosaic model

The membrane contains phospholipids, embedded proteins, steroids such as cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

Why is it called the fluid mosaic model

It is called fluid because the components can move around within the membrane, and mosaic because it is made of many different components working together.

What is the selective permeability from

Selective permeability is mainly due to the membrane’s hydrophobic interior formed by the nonpolar hydrocarbon tails of phospholipids.

What cannot cross freely and how do they cross, what can cross freely, and what kind of molecules partially cross

Many ions and polar molecules cannot cross freely and move through embedded channels and transport proteins; small nonpolar molecules such as N2, O2, and CO2 can cross freely; small polar uncharged molecules such as H2O and NH3 can cross in small amounts.

What does the cell wall do in bacteria, archaea, fungi, and plants

The cell wall provides a structural boundary, acts as a permeability barrier for some substances, and protects the cell from osmotic lysis.

What does selective permeability of the membrane allow

Selective permeability allows the formation of concentration gradients of solutes across the membrane.

What is passive transport

Passive transport is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the direct input of metabolic energy.

What is active transport

Active transport requires the direct input of energy to move molecules, often from low concentration to high concentration against the concentration gradient.

What is homeostasis

Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable internal conditions, including solute and water balance.

What is endocytosis and exocytosis

Endocytosis uses energy to bring material into the cell by folding the plasma membrane inward to form vesicles, while exocytosis uses energy to release material out of the cell when vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane.

What is facilitated diffusion

Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport in which substances move down their concentration gradient with no energy input but require transport or channel proteins.