[06.01] Conceptual Framework V2.1.pdf

Determining which clinical or non-clinical uncertainties could or should be studied and rationalizing the need for their investigation

What two challenges are involved in developing an appropriate research question?

FINER criteria

What criteria set is applicable to developing a good research question and satisfies Farrugia et al. (2010)?

Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, Relevant

What does the acronym FINER stand for?

Adequate number of subjects, adequate technical expertise, affordable in time and money, and manageable in scope

What four descriptions define the F: Feasible criterion?

Getting the answer intrigues investigators, peers, and community

What description defines the I: Interesting criterion?

Confirms, refutes or extends previous findings

What description defines the N: Novel criterion?

Amenable to a study that institutional review board will approve

What description defines the E: Ethical criterion?

To scientific knowledge, to clinical and health policy, and to future research

What three areas define the R: Relevant criterion?

Correct number of sample size, group members having technical expertise or support, budget, and fitting of the time frame

What four elements are needed for a research question to be feasible (RMT2 context)?

Four (4) weeks

What is the time frame for data collection in RMT2?

Specify the population of interest, be of interest to the scientific community and potentially to the public, have clinical relevance and further current knowledge in the field, and be compliant with the standards of ethical boards and national research standards

What four characteristics should a good research question generally have?

PICOT criteria

What criteria set, also discussed by Farrugia et al. (2010), is used in the development of the research question?

Population (patients), Intervention (for intervention studies only), Comparison group, Outcome of interest, Time

What does the acronym PICOT stand for?

What specific patient population are you interested in?

What question does the P: Population (patients) criterion address?

What is your investigational intervention?

What question does the I: Intervention criterion address?

What is the main alternative to compare with the intervention?

What question does the C: Comparison group criterion address?

What do you intend to accomplish, measure, improve or affect?

What question does the O: Outcome of interest criterion address?

What is the appropriate follow-up time to assess outcome?

What question does the T: Time criterion address?

Experimental study design

What type of study design is PICOT more applicable for?

Observational study design

What type of study design is FINER more applicable for?

Constructing the conceptual framework of the study, subsequent protocol development, and identifying an appropriate outcome or measurement tool/plan of data analysis

What three aspects are helped by a good research question?

At the beginning of the study

When should the research hypothesis be stated to guide the objective for research?

A good research question

What supports designing a research hypothesis and influences the type of research design for the study?

The primary objective or general objective

Which objective should be coupled with the hypothesis of the study?

The sentence form of our research question

What do some say the primary objective is?

Study objectives or specific objectives

Which objectives define the specific aims of the study and should be clearly stated in the introduction of the research protocol?

They are an active statement about how the study is going to answer the specific research question

What is the nature of study objectives?

Help guide the development of the protocol and design of study, play a role in sample size calculations, and determining the power of the study

What three important roles do objectives play in research?

Perform a systematic literature review

What is the first tip for developing research questions, hypotheses, and objectives?

It is analyzed by the researcher to be guided on the creation of the protocol

How is a Review of Related Literature (RRL) used beyond mere enumeration?

Learn about current trends and technological advances on the topic

What is the second tip for developing research questions, hypotheses, and objectives?

Seek careful input from experts, mentors, colleagues, and collaborators

What is the third tip regarding refining the research question?

Ensure that the research question follows PICOT format

What tip is given regarding the format of the research question?

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS)

What intervention was studied in Case #1 regarding chronic patellar tendinopathy?

How does low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) compare with a placebo device in managing the symptoms of skeletally mature patients with patellar tendinopathy?

What was the research question of Case #1?

Pain levels are reduced in patients who receive daily active-LIPUS (treatment) for 12 weeks compared with individuals who receive inactive-LIPUS (placebo)

What was the research hypothesis of Case #1?

To investigate the clinical efficacy of LIPUS in the management of patellar tendinopathy symptoms

What was the objective of Case #1?

Miles and Huberman (1994)

Who defined the conceptual framework as a written or visual presentation of the main things to be studied and the presumed relationship among them?

The key factors, concepts, or variables, and the presumed relationship among them

What main things does the conceptual framework explain, graphically or in narrative form?

It is primarily a conception or model of what is out there that you plan to study and of what is going on with these things and why – a tentative theory of the phenomena that you are investigating

What is the most important thing to understand about the conceptual framework?

Iterative study

What characteristic of the conceptual framework means it is "not set in stone" and requires steady movement between concept and data?

Comparative

What characteristic of the conceptual framework means it requires a constant comparison across types of evidence to control the conceptual level and scope of the emerging theory?

A continuous interplay between data collection and analysis

What technique suggested by grounded theory is important for conceptual framework development, especially in qualitative studies?

Serves as a roadmap

What function does the conceptual framework fulfill in collecting, cleaning, analyzing data, and writing the report?

Phase 1: Mapping the selected data sources

What is the first phase of the procedure of conceptual framework analysis?

Phase 2: Extensive reading and categorizing of the selected data

What is the second phase of the procedure of conceptual framework analysis?

Phase 3: Identifying and naming concepts

What is the third phase of the procedure of conceptual framework analysis?

Independent and dependent variables

What two types of concepts/variables are identified in Phase 3?

Confounding variables

What type of variables, referred to as "panggulo," are identified in Phase 3?

Phase 4: Deconstructing and categorizing the concepts (or variables) involved in the study

What is the fourth phase of the procedure of conceptual framework analysis, involving reframing and redefining?

Phase 5: Integrating concepts

What is the fifth phase of the procedure of conceptual framework analysis, involving finding relationships?

Phase 6: Synthesis, resynthesis, and making it all make sense

What is the sixth phase of the procedure of conceptual framework analysis?

Phase 7: Validating the conceptual framework

What is the seventh phase of the procedure of conceptual framework analysis?

Align it with the theories read in the literature

How is the conceptual framework validated?

Phase 8: Rethinking the conceptual framework

What is the eighth phase of the procedure of conceptual framework analysis?

Planning a holiday

What is preparing a conceptual framework likened to?

To know how to get to, and return from, your holiday destination (End point of study, study objectives)

What is the purpose of pre-planning a holiday, related to study objectives?

The issue of theoretical or practical interest

What is the definition of the Research Problem component in both quantitative and qualitative conceptual frameworks?

Positivism

What philosophical assumption about the nature of the world is associated with the Paradigm component in quantitative conceptual frameworks?

Interpretivism

What philosophical assumption about the nature of the world is associated with the Paradigm component in qualitative conceptual frameworks?

What we want to know and how the answer may be built up

What is the definition of the Aims and Objectives component in both quantitative and qualitative conceptual frameworks?

Provides the structure/content for the whole study based on literature and personal experience

What is the definition of the Conceptual Framework component in quantitative research?

Revisit the conceptual framework

What is sometimes needed when interpreting the results and during data collection in quantitative research?

Conceptual framework develops as participant’s views and issues are gathered and analysed

When does the conceptual framework develop in qualitative research?

To evaluate if it is still aligned with what you want to research

Why is the conceptual framework revisited during the Evaluation of the Research phase in qualitative studies?

Starting from an inductive position

How is qualitative work normally described as starting?

Conceptual framework being emergent

What description is typically given to the conceptual framework in qualitative work?

Researchers generally have some idea of what will feature in the study: a tentative rudimentary (or draft) conceptual framework

What do Miles and Huberman (1994) note that researchers usually possess, even in qualitative studies?

Pattern matching and Explanation building

What two ways can qualitative research also be confirmatory?

Starts with existing theory and tests its adequacy in terms of explaining the findings

What does pattern matching involve?

Starts with a theory and then builds an explanation while collecting and analyzing data

What does explanation building involve?

Experiential knowledge of student and supervisor

What input can seasoned researchers rely on when developing a conceptual framework?

Technical knowledge, Research background, Personal experience (not necessarily research), and Data

What four specific elements constitute the experiential knowledge input?

Prior related theory, Prior related research, and Other theory and research

What three types of information does literature review provide as input for the conceptual framework?

Researchers

Who provides the structure of the conceptual framework, even though pieces are borrowed?

Identify key words (qualitative) or variables (quantitative) used in the subject area of your study

What is one suggested method to develop the structure of the conceptual framework?

Take one key concept, idea, or term at a time, brainstorm other related things, and select those most relevant

What iterative method can be used to develop the structure of the conceptual framework?

Process Frameworks

What general form of conceptual framework sets out the stage through which an action moves from initiation to conclusion?

The “how?” question

What question do Process Frameworks relate to?

Content Frameworks

What general form of conceptual framework sets out the variable, and possibly the relationship (with relative strengths) between them?

The “why?” question

What question do Content Frameworks answer?

Flow charts, tree diagrams, shape-based diagrams, mind maps, and soft systems

What are five specific forms a conceptual framework might take?

Triangles, concentric circles, overlapping circles (like a Venn diagram)

What are three examples of shape-based diagrams for a conceptual framework?

Knowledge, persuasion, decision making, implementation, and confirmation

What are the stages shown in the Flowchart of innovation decision making (Figure 1)?

Elements that may or may not be directly affecting the key concepts

What do the dotted lines represent in Figure 1?

Socio-economic characteristics, personality variables, and communication behavior

What three observations of the decision making unit are included under Knowledge (Figure 1)?

Relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability

What five perceived characteristics of innovation affect Persuasion (Figure 1)?

Adoption

Which decision outcome in Figure 1 has a direct relationship to confirmed adoption?

Rejection

Which decision outcome in Figure 1 can lead to later adoption?

Changing customers and Product expectation

What are the two main ideas that affect customers in the Tree chart of changing consumer behavior (Figure 2)?

Values (individuality, loss of loyalty, expectations)

What characteristic under Changing customers relates to individuality, loss of loyalty, and expectations (Figure 2)?

Price (value, image)

What characteristic under Product expectation relates to value and image (Figure 2)?

Maslow (1954)

Who developed the Triangle of needs (Figure 3)?

The ability to move beyond descriptions of ‘what’ to explanations of ‘why’ and ‘how’

What crucial research enhancement do conceptual frameworks provide?

A filtering tool for selecting appropriate research questions and related data collection methods

What function of the conceptual framework is especially useful for young researchers who may be overwhelmed by information?

A reference point/structure for the discussion of the literature, methodology, and results

What structural function does the conceptual framework serve?

The boundaries of the work

What crucial element does the conceptual framework show the reader regarding the scope of the study?

Initial bias

What limitation occurs because the conceptual framework is influenced by the experience and knowledge of the individual?

Ongoing bias

What limitation occurs when the developed framework influences the researcher’s thinking, potentially resulting in some things being ignored?

Revisit the conceptual framework, particularly at the end when evaluating your work

What is the solution to mitigate the limitations of the conceptual framework?