APUSH Terms 5.2

border states

border states

states bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri; slave states that did not secede

Southern advantages in the Civil War

(1) Large land areas with long coasts

(3) Could export cotton for money

(4) Fighting a defensive war, needed to keep the North out of their states to win

(5) Had the nation’s best military leaders and most of the existing military equipment and supplies

Northern advantages in the Civil War

(1) Larger numbers of troops

(2) Superior navy

(3) Better transportation

(4) Overwhelming financial and industrial reserves to create munitions and supplies

Fort Sumter

federal fort in Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Monitor and Merrimac

the first battle between ironclad ships; marked the beginning of a new era and naval battles

Confederate generals

Robert E. Lee; Andrew Jackson

Union Generals

Ulysses S. Grant; George B. McClellan; William Tecumseh Sherman

Northern blockade

a military move started in 1862 by the North; was meant to restrict the South’s access to supplies from foreign nations by cutting off their border; accomplished by the Union navy

Copperheads

a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Clement Vallandigham

leader of the Copperhead faction of anti-war Democrats during the American Civil War; was banished by Lincoln because of his strong beliefs

Suspension of Habeas Corpus

Lincoln temporarily suspended this right so he could quiet Northerners who opposed the Civil War; as a result, many copperheads were in prison without being given a trial; opponents of Lincoln saw this as an abuse of power

conscription

Compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces

draft riots

a series of violent disturbances in NYC because of the new laws passed by Congress to draft men for the Civil War

Emancipation Proclamation

issued by Lincoln on September 22, 1862; freed all slaves in Confederate states

financing the Civil War

an action done through levying taxes, issuing paper currency, and borrowing money from Americans (in bonds and in loans from banks)

Pacific Railroad Act

commissioned the creation of a Union Pacific Railroad to connect the Pacific to the rest of the Republic in opposition to the Confederacy

Ex parte Milligan

ruled that a civilian cannot be tried in military courts while civil courts are available

Ex parte Merryman

ruled that Lincoln’s suspension of Habeas Corpus during the war was unconstitutional

Election of 1864

Election between Lincoln vs. McClellan; Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he’s elected; Lincoln won easily (because Sherman had captured Atlanta)

Lincoln’s 10% Plan

believed that seceded states should be restored to that Union quickly and easily, with “malice toward none, with charity for all”; (1) allowed Southerners, excluding high-ranking confederate officers and military leaders, to take an oath promising future loyalty to the Union and an end to slavery (2) when 10% of those registered to vote in 1860 took the oath, a loyal state government could be formed; not accepted by Congress

assassination of Abraham Lincoln

John Wilkes Booth shot and killed President Lincoln

John Wilkes Booth

the man who assassinated Abraham Lincoln

Radical Republicans

a political party that favored harsh punishment of the Southern states after the Civil War

Wade-Davis Bill

plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy; Lincoln used a pocket veto and refused to sign this bill, thinking it was too harsh

Black Codes

laws passed in the South just after the Civil War that were aimed at controlling freedman and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers

Thaddeus Stevens

a Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South; leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress

Charles Sumner

a leader of the Radical Republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens; from Massachusetts and was in the Senate; two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States; a Southerner from Tennessee; V.P. when Lincoln was killed; opposed Radical Republicans first U.S. president to be impeached; survived the Senate removal by only one vote

Freedmen’s Bureau

agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom; furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

Ku Klux Klan

a secret society created by white Southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights

Civil Rights Act

passed by Congress on April 9, 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson; declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

14th Amendment

declared all persons born in the U.S. as citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment

granted all men the right to vote regardless of race

Tenure of Office Act

enacted by radical congress; forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent; was to prevent Johnson from removing a Radical Republican from his cabinet

Impeachment

charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives

Scalawags

Southern whites who supported Republican policy throughout Reconstruction

Carpetbaggers

Northern whites who moved to the south and served as Republican leaders during Reconstruction

Reconstruction Act

necessary requirements for the former Confederate States to be readmitted to the Union

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877); he achieved international fame as the Union general in the American Civil War

Election of 1872

election in which Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) ran against Democrat Horace Greeley; Greeley died during the election; Grant still won by a landslide

Election of 1876

Rutherford B. Hayes (REPUBLICAN) vs Samuel J. Tilden (DEMOCRAT); Congress decided the winner, but no one knew which house should vote because the Senate was Republican and the House of Representatives was Democratic; Congress created a Special Electoral Commission consisting of 5 senators, 5 House Representatives, and 5 justices from the Supreme court; votes went 8-7 in favor of Hayes

Compromise of 1877

ended Reconstruction; Republicans promise…

(1) to remove military from the South

(2) to appoint David Key (DEMOCRAT) to cabinet

(3) to give federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Solid South

a term used to describe the tendency of the southern states to vote Democratic after the Civil War

Sharecropping

a system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops

Crop Lien System

system that allows farmers to get more credit; they used harvested crops to pay back their loans

Segregation

separation of people based on radical, ethnic, or other differences