APUSH Terms 5.2

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47 Terms

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border states

states bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri; slave states that did not secede

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Southern advantages in the Civil War

(1) Large land areas with long coasts

(3) Could export cotton for money

(4) Fighting a defensive war, needed to keep the North out of their states to win

(5) Had the nation’s best military leaders and most of the existing military equipment and supplies

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Northern advantages in the Civil War

(1) Larger numbers of troops

(2) Superior navy

(3) Better transportation

(4) Overwhelming financial and industrial reserves to create munitions and supplies

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Fort Sumter

federal fort in Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

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Monitor and Merrimac

the first battle between ironclad ships; marked the beginning of a new era and naval battles

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Confederate generals

Robert E. Lee; Andrew Jackson

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Union Generals

Ulysses S. Grant; George B. McClellan; William Tecumseh Sherman

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Northern blockade

a military move started in 1862 by the North; was meant to restrict the South’s access to supplies from foreign nations by cutting off their border; accomplished by the Union navy

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Copperheads

a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

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Clement Vallandigham

leader of the Copperhead faction of anti-war Democrats during the American Civil War; was banished by Lincoln because of his strong beliefs

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Suspension of Habeas Corpus

Lincoln temporarily suspended this right so he could quiet Northerners who opposed the Civil War; as a result, many copperheads were in prison without being given a trial; opponents of Lincoln saw this as an abuse of power

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conscription

Compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces

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draft riots

a series of violent disturbances in NYC because of the new laws passed by Congress to draft men for the Civil War

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Emancipation Proclamation

issued by Lincoln on September 22, 1862; freed all slaves in Confederate states

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financing the Civil War

an action done through levying taxes, issuing paper currency, and borrowing money from Americans (in bonds and in loans from banks)

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Pacific Railroad Act

commissioned the creation of a Union Pacific Railroad to connect the Pacific to the rest of the Republic in opposition to the Confederacy

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Ex parte Milligan

ruled that a civilian cannot be tried in military courts while civil courts are available

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Ex parte Merryman

ruled that Lincoln’s suspension of Habeas Corpus during the war was unconstitutional

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Election of 1864

Election between Lincoln vs. McClellan; Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he’s elected; Lincoln won easily (because Sherman had captured Atlanta)

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Lincoln’s 10% Plan

believed that seceded states should be restored to that Union quickly and easily, with “malice toward none, with charity for all”; (1) allowed Southerners, excluding high-ranking confederate officers and military leaders, to take an oath promising future loyalty to the Union and an end to slavery (2) when 10% of those registered to vote in 1860 took the oath, a loyal state government could be formed; not accepted by Congress

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assassination of Abraham Lincoln

John Wilkes Booth shot and killed President Lincoln

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John Wilkes Booth

the man who assassinated Abraham Lincoln

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Radical Republicans

a political party that favored harsh punishment of the Southern states after the Civil War

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Wade-Davis Bill

plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy; Lincoln used a pocket veto and refused to sign this bill, thinking it was too harsh

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Black Codes

laws passed in the South just after the Civil War that were aimed at controlling freedman and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers

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Thaddeus Stevens

a Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South; leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress

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Charles Sumner

a leader of the Radical Republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens; from Massachusetts and was in the Senate; two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote

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Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States; a Southerner from Tennessee; V.P. when Lincoln was killed; opposed Radical Republicans first U.S. president to be impeached; survived the Senate removal by only one vote

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Freedmen’s Bureau

agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom; furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

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Ku Klux Klan

a secret society created by white Southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights

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Civil Rights Act

passed by Congress on April 9, 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson; declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition

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13th Amendment

abolished slavery

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14th Amendment

declared all persons born in the U.S. as citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

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15th Amendment

granted all men the right to vote regardless of race

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Tenure of Office Act

enacted by radical congress; forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent; was to prevent Johnson from removing a Radical Republican from his cabinet

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Impeachment

charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives

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Scalawags

Southern whites who supported Republican policy throughout Reconstruction

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Carpetbaggers

Northern whites who moved to the south and served as Republican leaders during Reconstruction

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Reconstruction Act

necessary requirements for the former Confederate States to be readmitted to the Union

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Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877); he achieved international fame as the Union general in the American Civil War

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Election of 1872

election in which Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) ran against Democrat Horace Greeley; Greeley died during the election; Grant still won by a landslide

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Election of 1876

Rutherford B. Hayes (REPUBLICAN) vs Samuel J. Tilden (DEMOCRAT); Congress decided the winner, but no one knew which house should vote because the Senate was Republican and the House of Representatives was Democratic; Congress created a Special Electoral Commission consisting of 5 senators, 5 House Representatives, and 5 justices from the Supreme court; votes went 8-7 in favor of Hayes

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Compromise of 1877

ended Reconstruction; Republicans promise… 

(1) to remove military from the South 

(2) to appoint David Key (DEMOCRAT) to cabinet 

(3) to give federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

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Solid South

a term used to describe the tendency of the southern states to vote Democratic after the Civil War

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Sharecropping

a system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops

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Crop Lien System

system that allows farmers to get more credit; they used harvested crops to pay back their loans

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Segregation

separation of people based on radical, ethnic, or other differences