APUSH Terms 5.2

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47 Terms

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border states
states bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri; **slave states that did not secede**
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Southern advantages in the Civil War
(1) Large land areas with long coasts

(3) Could export cotton for money

(4) Fighting a defensive war, needed to keep the North out of their states to win

(5) Had the nation’s best military leaders and most of the existing military equipment and supplies
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Northern advantages in the Civil War
(1) Larger numbers of troops

(2) Superior navy

(3) Better transportation

(4) Overwhelming financial and industrial reserves to create munitions and supplies
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Fort Sumter
federal fort in Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War
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Monitor and Merrimac
the first battle between ironclad ships; marked the beginning of a new era and naval battles
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Confederate generals
Robert E. Lee; Andrew Jackson
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Union Generals
Ulysses S. Grant; George B. McClellan; William Tecumseh Sherman
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Northern blockade
a military move started in 1862 by the North; was meant to restrict the South’s access to supplies from foreign nations by cutting off their border; accomplished by the Union navy
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Copperheads
a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War
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Clement Vallandigham
leader of the Copperhead faction of anti-war Democrats during the American Civil War; was banished by Lincoln because of his strong beliefs
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Suspension of Habeas Corpus
Lincoln temporarily suspended this right so he could quiet Northerners who opposed the Civil War; as a result, many copperheads were in prison without being given a trial; opponents of Lincoln saw this as an abuse of power
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conscription
Compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces
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draft riots
a series of violent disturbances in NYC because of the new laws passed by Congress to draft men for the Civil War
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Emancipation Proclamation
issued by Lincoln on September 22, 1862; freed all slaves in Confederate states
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financing the Civil War
an action done through levying taxes, issuing paper currency, and borrowing money from Americans (in bonds and in loans from banks)
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Pacific Railroad Act
commissioned the creation of a Union Pacific Railroad to connect the Pacific to the rest of the Republic in opposition to the Confederacy
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Ex parte Milligan
ruled that a civilian cannot be tried in military courts while civil courts are available
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Ex parte Merryman
ruled that Lincoln’s suspension of Habeas Corpus during the war was unconstitutional
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Election of 1864
Election between Lincoln vs. McClellan; Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he’s elected; Lincoln won easily (because Sherman had captured Atlanta)
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Lincoln’s 10% Plan
believed that seceded states should be restored to that Union quickly and easily, with “malice toward none, with charity for all”; (1) allowed Southerners, excluding high-ranking confederate officers and military leaders, to take an oath promising future loyalty to the Union and an end to slavery (2) when 10% of those registered to vote in 1860 took the oath, a loyal state government could be formed; not accepted by Congress
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assassination of Abraham Lincoln
John Wilkes Booth shot and killed President Lincoln
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John Wilkes Booth
the man who assassinated Abraham Lincoln
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Radical Republicans
a political party that favored harsh punishment of the Southern states after the Civil War
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Wade-Davis Bill
plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy; Lincoln used a pocket veto and refused to sign this bill, thinking it was too harsh
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Black Codes
laws passed in the South just after the Civil War that were aimed at controlling freedman and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers
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Thaddeus Stevens
a Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South; leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress
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Charles Sumner
a leader of the Radical Republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens; from Massachusetts and was in the Senate; two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote
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Andrew Johnson
17th President of the United States; a Southerner from Tennessee; V.P. when Lincoln was killed; opposed Radical Republicans first U.S. president to be impeached; survived the Senate removal by only one vote
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Freedmen’s Bureau
agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom; furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs
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Ku Klux Klan
a secret society created by white Southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights
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Civil Rights Act
passed by Congress on April 9, 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson; declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition
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13th Amendment
abolished slavery
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14th Amendment
declared all persons born in the U.S. as citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws
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15th Amendment
granted all men the right to vote regardless of race
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Tenure of Office Act
enacted by radical congress; forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent; was to prevent Johnson from removing a Radical Republican from his cabinet
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Impeachment
charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives
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Scalawags
Southern whites who supported Republican policy throughout Reconstruction
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Carpetbaggers
Northern whites who moved to the south and served as Republican leaders during Reconstruction
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Reconstruction Act
necessary requirements for the former Confederate States to be readmitted to the Union
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Ulysses S. Grant
an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877); he achieved international fame as the Union general in the American Civil War
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Election of 1872
election in which Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) ran against Democrat Horace Greeley; Greeley died during the election; Grant still won by a landslide
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Election of 1876
Rutherford B. Hayes (REPUBLICAN) vs Samuel J. Tilden (DEMOCRAT); Congress decided the winner, but no one knew which house should vote because the Senate was Republican and the House of Representatives was Democratic; Congress created a Special Electoral Commission consisting of 5 senators, 5 House Representatives, and 5 justices from the Supreme court; votes went 8-7 in favor of Hayes
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Compromise of 1877
ended Reconstruction; Republicans promise… 

(1) to remove military from the South 

(2) to appoint David Key (DEMOCRAT) to cabinet 

(3) to give federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river
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Solid South
a term used to describe the tendency of the southern states to vote Democratic after the Civil War
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Sharecropping
a system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops
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Crop Lien System
system that allows farmers to get more credit; they used harvested crops to pay back their loans
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Segregation
separation of people based on radical, ethnic, or other differences