APUSH Period 5: 1844-1877

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan that allowed a Southern state to form its own government after ten percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Charles Sumner

A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Freedman's Bureau

focus was to provide food, medical care, administer justice, manage abandoned and confiscated property, regulate labor, and establish schools.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

law that established federal guarantees of civil rights for all citizens

Reconstruction amendments

13th: abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, 14th: secured the rights of former slaves after reconstruction, 15th: prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on their race

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

14th Amendment (1868)

citizenship, due process, equal protection

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Thaddeus Stevens

A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

laid out the process for readmitting Southern states into the Union.

Minor v. Happersett (1875)

This Supreme Court decision held that women could be deprived of the right to vote in the same way as felons.

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Robert Smalls

enslaved African American who, during and after the American Civil War, became a ship's pilot, sea captain, and politician; freed himself, his crew and their families from slavery on May 13, 1862, by commandeering a Confederate transport ship, the CSS Planter, in Charleston harbor, and sailing it to freedom beyond the blockade; helped convince Lincoln to accept African-American soldiers into the Union Army

Scalawag

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Carpetbaggers

northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction

Blanche K. Bruce

US politician who represented MS as a Republican in the Senate from 1875 to 1881; of mixed race; 1st elected black Senator to serve a full term; next African American to serve on a Senate seat (Edward E. Brook) served in 1966, nearly 90 years later

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Prohibited discrimination against blacks in public place, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public transportation. Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Redemption

southern democrats' term for their return to power in the south in the 1870s

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Enforcement Laws

aimed at the KKK, protected the freedman's rights under the 14th and 15th amendments, authorized military action to suppress terrorist movements

U.S. v. Cruikshank

Supreme Court decides the federal government cannot punish whites for oppressing blacks

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

Ended Japan's two-hundred year period of economic isolation, establishing an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports.

Crime of 1873

A term used by those critical of an 1873 law directing the U.S. Treasury to cease minting silver dollars, retire Civil War-era greenbacks, and replace them with notes backed by the gold standard from an expanded system of national banks.

Homestead Act

1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years

Morrill Act

gave federal land to the states to help finance agricultural colleges

Comstock Lode

First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.

Exodusters

the African Americans migrating to the Great Plains state in 1879 to escape conditions in the South

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

The U.S. Army convinced a group of Cheyenne to stop raiding farms and return to their Colorado reservation peacefully, where the army attacked and killed about 150 people while burning the camp.

Fetterman Massacre (1866)

Sioux attacks the US army because they were on the Bozeman Trail, which was Native America sacred land; 80 members of the US army are killed

Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock

A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose, ignoring all existing treaties.

Dawes Act (1887)

An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, and distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities and promote individualism.

Sitting Bull

American Indian chief, he lead the victory of Little Bighorn

George Armstrong Custer

United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)

Battle of Little Bighorn

In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died

Wounded Knee

1890 confrontation between U.S. cavalry and Sioux that marked the end of Indian resistance

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.