UF PPA Lecture 3.2

the _____ valve is between the left ventricle and aorta

aortic

the ______ valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle

tricuspid

the ______ valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

pulmonary

the ______ valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle

mitral

true or false

valves can open in both directions

false!

one or the other

the tricuspid and mitral valves open and close due to changes in pressure in the ________ and _______

atria, ventricle

the aortic and pulmonary valves open and close due to changes in pressure in the ________ and _______

ventricle, artery

normal opening and normal flow produce no ________

sound

S1 (lubb) is a result of

mitral/tricuspid valve closure

S2 (duub) is a result of

aortic/pulmonary valve closure

__________ is left ventricle contraction and _________ is left ventricle dilation

systole, diastole

S3 sounds are heard during ________ phase and can be in __________ hearts or _________ heart

early diastole (rapid filling)

normal, large

pathological

S4 sounds are heard during ________ phase and are in __________ hearts and are always _________

late filling (slow filling phase)

hypertrophic

abnormal

_________ is a stiff valve where it does not completely open and reduces the flow through the valve

stenosis

stenosis is a ______ issue

systole

________ is a valve closing problem where it does not completely close and results in backflow or regurgitation

insufficiency

backflow is a ________ issue

diastole

the opening of the mitral valve is caused by ________ pressure in the LV

decreased

What are the three things we want to know about each valve?

what murmurs occurs with each defect?

what is the consequence?

-does it increase pressure or volume work?

-does it affect atria or ventricle more?

what diseases make progression of disease worse?

___________ is the thickening and calcification of the _______ valve making it so that it cannot completely open when it is supposed to

mitral stenosis

mitral

thickening and shortening of chordae tendinae is caused by ________ fever and _______ infection

rheumatoid

strep

mitral stenosis is a ________ murmur/rumble with a loud _____ sound

diastolic

S1

mitral stenosis leads to pressure overload in the ________ because there is blood that it cannot get rid of

left atrium

mitral stenosis can lead to which of the following?

a. left atrial enlargement

b. atrial arrhythmias

c. thrombus formation

d. pulmonary edema

e. possible right heart failure

f. heartburn

g. brain damage

a, b, c, d ,e

________ is when the valve does not close completely when it supposed to

mitral insufficiency

true or false

mitral valve prolapse can be asymptomatic

true

___________ occurs if leaflets are enlarged or chordae tendinae are too long

mitral valve prolapse

mitral valve prolapse may cause ______ clicks or late _______ murmur or chest palpitations

mid-systolic

systolic

complications of mitral valve prolapse include the progress to ________ or the rupture of chordae tendinae to cause sudden ________.

other complications include infective _________, ________ formation due to _______ blood flow and ________ arrhythmias.

regurgitation, regurgitation

endocarditis, microthrombus, irregular, atrial or ventricular

________ is caused by the rupture of chordae tendinae or structural abnormality or damage to valve caused endocarditis, ischemic heart disease, structural abnormality of valves or papillary muscles, LV enlargement, and calcification

mitral regurgitation

mitral regurgitation causes a ________ or ________ murmur

holosystolic

pan systolic

mitral regurgitation causes overload of ventricle and atrium which can lead to ________ and ________ enlargement, ________ arrhythmias, ______ sound and left heart failure

LA LV, atrial, S3

acute and severe back flow into the left atrium leads to ____________ left atrial pressure, followed by ________ edema, and difficulty breathing

increased, pulmonary

_________ is a rigid valve due to fibrosis or calcification

aortic stenosis

__________ causes both fibrosis and/or calcification which causes aortic stenosis

rheumatic heart disease

________ calcification can cause aortic stenosis

senile

___________ valve can cause aortic stenosis

congenital bicuspid

aortic stenosis results in a __________ murmur and causes ________ heart sound due to the heart working overtime and becoming thick and big

systolic ejection

S4

aortic stenosis causes reduced outflow into aorta which leads to decreased _________ but increased ______________

aortic pressure

left ventricle pressure

the pressure overload in the ventricle due to aortic stenosis can lead to which of the following:

a. chest pain, syncope, fatigue

b. left heart failure

c. dizziness with exercise

d. fatigue, dyspnea, cyanosis

all of the above

floppy valve leaflets or deformed aortic root is caused by _______ disease, ________ defect, ________, ________ dilation, and ________

rheumatic

congenital valve

endocarditis

aortic root (marfan syndrome, aneurysm syphilis)

hypertension

aortic regurgitation leads to _______ murmur

diastolic

aortic regurgitation leads to ________ into the left ventricle which leads to an abnormal __________

backflow

aortic P (water hammer pulse)

volume overload of the ventricle can lead to:

______ dilatation

______ arrhythmias

fatigue, excerise intolerance, angina

_______ edema

_______ with progression

LV

ventricular

pulmonary

dyspnea

the dilated left ventricle can be caused by

a. mitral stenosis

b. mitral regurgitation

c. aortic regurgitation

c. aortic regurgitation