APUSH CHPT 33 “FDR & The Shadow of War”

The London Conference

London Economic Conference

• GOAL-To organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression & stabilize the values of currencies & exchange rates wh/is essential to the revival of world trade

• FDR sent Sec. of State Cordell Hull, but had second thoughts about the conferences agenda

• He felt that any international agreement would sacrifice the possibility of domestic recovery

• In a radio message to London, scolded the conference for attempting to Stabilize currencies & essentially declared Us withdrawal from conference

FDR’s attitude during the London Conference

“every man for himself”

Tydings-McDuffe Act

Granted the Philippines independence after a 12 year period

FDR’s policy with Latin America

“Good Neighbor Policy”

Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act

Reversed high protective tariff policies by allowing the president to negotiate lower tariffs w/o Senate approval

Nye Committee

Concluded that people who profited from war had encouraged US intervention in WWl

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, & 1937

• Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts (35', 36, 37) believing it would keep us out of war

• When the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war: No American could...

1. Legally sail on a belligerent ship

2. Sell or transport munitions to a belligerent

3. Make loans to a belligerent

Johnson Debt Default Act

Prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing money from US.

FDR’s Quarantine Speech

Understands that people want isolationism, but as danger grows in the world US shouldn't isolate ourselves; but quarantine the danger

• This speech triggered much protest from isolationists but post-WWI chaos & the GD helped the spread of totalitarianism

Veterans of Future Wars (VFW)

an organization of U.S. war veterans, who, as military service members fought in wars, campaigns, and expeditions on foreign land, waters, or airspace

• Some Princeton students argued that VFWs should be paid a bonus while they’re still alive (if they go to war needlessly there gonna die etc etc)

American Attitude coming up to WW2

isolationist

totalitarianism

WW2 dictator countries spread with a rise of totalitarianism

• a system of government that is centralized and dictatorialand requires complete subservience to the state.

USSR - Joseph Stalin

began to purge his communist state of all suspected dissidents, executing thousands & banishing millions to remote Siberian forced labor camps

Spain - Francisco Franco

led an uprising & ousted the gov't creating an authoritarian gov't

Spanish-Civil War

• Franco, with the help of Mussolini and Hitler, violently overthrew the Spanish govt

Abraham Lincoln Brigade

When US govt denied being involved in Spanish Civil War, many americans (men and women) volunteered to fight against the fascist coup.

the “three bandit nations”

Japan, Italy, Germany

Japan

Military came to power & launched a more aggressive policy toward China

SS Panay

Was sunk by Japanese forces while attacking China. Japan said they were sorry and US was bc isolationist so no conflict arises. highlights how keen US was to stay out of the world conflict.

Rape of Nanking

Japan took many key Chinese cities & killed tens of thousands, but failed to dislodge the gov't & settled into a war of attrition

Greater East Asia Co - Prosperity Sphere

Japan's goal was to kick out other nations & control the entire area

Italy - Benito Mussolini

brutally eliminated their opponents & came to power in Italy

Rome-Berlin Axis

aligned Italy and Germany together

Germany - Hitler

Overthrew German Weimar Republic

Nuremberg Laws

Hitler became chancellor and instituted these.

• antisemitic and racist laws that denied Jews of many right

Night of Long Knives

night where Hitler killed all political opponents

Rhineland

demilitarized area b/w France and Germany

Munich Conference

• 1938-Munich Conference-dealt w/ Hitler's demands for Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia

• GB & France agreed to the Sudetenland if he respected the new borders of Czech & signed declaration never to go to war

• 6 months later Hitler took the rest of Czech

Munich Conference (Symbolism)

Symbolized appeasement.

• Munich Conference is a turning point in history

1. Chamberlain's failure to stand up made WWIl inevitable

2. Hitler now made plans to attack Poland

3. Long term Psychological consequences

Munich Conference became a symbol for surrender

4. Democratic leaders vowed to never appease a dictator

• Appeasement of the dictators, symbolized by munich (conf.), turned out to be surrender.

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, and Japan

Hitler-Stalin Pact

USSR & Germany signed a non-aggression pact & divided up Eastern Europe in secret

sitzkrieg “sitting war”

phony war

nickname for the lull in fighting after Poland fell

Neutrality Act of 1939

"Cash & Carry Policy"-Allies were permitted to buy war materials as long as they paid in cash & transported purchases in their own ships

Blitzkrieg “lighting war”

Military tactic of surprise, speed, & superiority to shock & smother the enemy

Puppet government

Vichy France was a ____ gov’t

Dunkirk

British troops were able to evacuate & salvage many of their soldiers

Kristallnacht “night of broken glass”

instigated by Nazi propagandist Joseph Goebbels, mobs ransacked over 7,000 Jewish shops and almost all the country’s synagogues. 91 jews died, and ~30,000 were sent to concentration camps. Nov. 9, 1938

St. Louis

ship held many Jews fleeing to Cuba who were turned away for lack of visa. Went to us where FDR was welcoming, but southern Dems & Hull made him turn tum down "b/c" of Strict immigration laws. Jerus eventnaly went to GB. FR, BG, and NT, where they perished under Nazi rule.

War Refugee Board

FDR passed in 1942 when Nazi genocide began to be verified. Saved thousands of Hungarian seus from concentration camps - Auschwitz. Only ~150,000 Jews found refuge in US vs ~6 million that were murdered.

1940 Havana Conference

US agreed to share with its 20 New World neighbors the responsibility of upholding the Monroe Doctire (keep hitler out of the West)

Destroyer Deal

(private bw FDR and GB bc vv important and urgent, no time to go through congress and be argued ab)

traded 50 old destroyers to GB for use of their bases in the Caribbean, Bermuda, & Newfoundland

Battle of Britain

1940-planes bombarded GB but were unable to force GB to surrender

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

Interventionist propaganda group ~Battle of Britain to garner support for GB

America First Committee

Urged for US not to fight, keep energy for when Hitler will come to US shores (Lindbergh)

FDR

First Prez w/ three terms

Lend Lease Act

Congress authorized the president to lend, lease, or otherwise dispose of arms & equipment to any country whose defense was considered vital to the security of the US

• This was an economic declaration of war & threw out the old terms of neutrality

• Hitler saw this as an act of aggression & instead of avoiding US ships, he torpedoed & sunk them

Robin Moor

an unarmed US merchantman ship torpedoed by Germany after passing of Land Lease Act

Atlantic Conference

FDR & Churchill secretly met to map out military strategy & post war goals

Atlantic Charter

Outlined the future path toward disarmament, peace, & a permanent system of general security

Stimson Doctrine

US wouldn't recognize any country that violated the Open Door Policy & Japan routinely did

Magic

Japan’s secret code

Pearl Harbor

Japan attacked ____ w/over 300 planes, nearly destroying our naval fleet & killing 2,403

• last straw for US, pushed them into WWII