Ap World Unit 4

Pastoral societies

Herders who first developed domesticated horses

Parasitic

Economic foundations

Herding animals and farming were difficult

Trade and pillaging

Common features

Small widely scattered

Connection to agriculturalists

Often fought and were farmers

Similar animals herded

Hunting/military skills

Embraced horses and camel riding

Mastered mounted warfare

Cultural interactions

Interacted with Europe, China, and the Islamic World

Horseback warfare

Stemmed from mastery of horse riding

Mongol Empire Map 4.1

Encompassed much of Eurasia

Was divided into 4 Khanates After death oh Genghis

Networks

Communications spread throughout quickly

Cultural legacy

Limited legacy on conquered people

No religion or language

Religion/shaman

No set religion but rather mysticism and shamans

Religious policy

Welcomed and supported many religious traditions

Temujin/Chiggis Khan

Ruler of mongol empire

Responsible for rose of empire

Early life

• father was killed before age 10

• Left pastoralist life to hunt and fish

• Became chief in own right bc of resourcefulness

• Valued friends over kin

Conquests

• massive military campaigns and killings

• Empire eventually reached to China Central Asia Russia and Islamic Middle East

• Had setbacks

• Started generational war

Japan

Couldn’t be conquered bc of a typhoon

Causes: timing

• the division of China

• Failing Abbasaid Caliphate

Army

• one of most important reasons for expansion

• Khan organized them into groups of 10, 100 and 100,00

• Organization allowed for command & control

• The broken up conquered tribes had an impressive imperial guard

• Desertion meant death

• Khan forefront of battle

Ruthlessness/destruction

• killed and destroyed many

• Submission meant sparement

• Often would get rid of an entire region if too much to manage

• Psychological warfare

Infrastructure/beaucracy

• systematic taxation

• Elaborate census

• Conquered people were laborers

• Artisans favored

• Official decrees done by scribes

• State approved merchants called ortughs

  all allows for mobilization of human materials

Foreigners

Chinese and Muslim officials held many advisory and low er level positions

Merchants and businessmen protected

Religion

• religious toleration

• Offered Muslims a chance to convert soldiers

• Christians faced less harsh rule

Marco Polo THE TRAVELS OF MARCO POLO (13c)

• wrote about the amazing relay system

• Apparently appointed into Mongolian court by Kublai Khan

• Merchant

• Not sure if he actually went to China

Conquests of China (1209-1279)

• 70 years

• Most difficult

• Began in north w lots of violence

• South was song dynasty w less violence

  ALL OF THIS LED TO A UNIFICATION OF CHINA

Administration

Used by mongols

Yuan title

Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368)

• non Chinese dynasty

• Started by Khulabi Khan

Beijing

New capital of Mongol Empire

Khulabi Khan (r. 1271-1294)

• grandson of Genghis

• started yuan dynasty

• Ordered honoring of ancestors through stone tablets

• Improved and built lots

• Interacted with Marco Polo

Non-assimilation

• did not become Chinese or accept Chinese culture

• No intermarrying or no Chinese learning Mongolian

• Mongol rule hated by Chinese

Women

• no footbinding

• mixing freely with Chinese men

Persia Take Over (1219-1221)

• started by Genghis and continued by his grandson Hulegu

• Hulegu became first Il-khan of Persia

Siege of Baghdad (1258)

Had around 200,000

Rule

• heavy taxes

• Turned agricultural land into pasture or desert

• Wine production grew

Assimilation

• use of beaucracy of persia

• Court members learned Persian

• Farming instead of pastoralist

Russia:fragmentation

• various princes could not unite country after Mongol empire came

Kipchak Khanate/ Khanate of Golden Horde

• both refer to Mongolian inclusion in Russia

Administration

• heavy taxes

• Princes appointed by khan

• ROC flourish

Kiev/Moscow

• K resisted Mongols

• M was the primary collector of tribute and Kate center of Russian state

Mongol collapse (15 c)

• caused by

• divisions among mongols

• Plague

• And growing Russian power

Allowed Russia to break Mongols

Eurasian economy

• provided tace breaks for merchants

• Created weights

• Financially backed caravans

• Brought ends closer together

• Promoted international commerce

Diplomacy/awareness

• facilitated diplomatic relations and close relations with Persia and a

Karakoram/cultural exchange

Fostered by movement of people

Was a Mongolian capital with place of worship for many religious practices NOT HINDU

Black Death

Plague

Origin Spread

• mongolian fleas spread plague on trade routes

Human costs

• 50-90% of total population

• ½ of European

• 1/3 of Muslim empire

• Eastern hemisphere not so much

Europe labor shortages/revolts

• many workers dead allowed for advocacy for higher wages

• Women could get more jobs

Mongolian network Demi’s

The plague caused

• population contracting

• Decline of cities

• Volume of trade fell

Speculations on effects on European history

• Provided incentives to go on sea

• Fall caused w. Europe to go into global relations

Historical change

• Shows us we want some kind of meaning in the human story

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

• The outcasting of mongols

• Native Chinese dynasty

• Population increase

Purple of Mongols

• Rebellions sought to get rid of mongols

• No foreign names, dress and only orthodox Confucian gender roles

Emperor Yongle

• Promoted preservation

• Ordered building of FC and Temple of Heaven

• Extended power into sea

Forbidden City

• Built by Yongle

• Home to emperor and his people/family

Encyclopedia

• 11,000 sections

• Very important

• Little survived history

2000 scholars wrote in it

Civil service/exam

• Formerly destroyed by mongols

• Re-established with Confucian ideals

Officials v Eunchs

• These people often fought

• Castrated men who were advisors to the emperor (i think they were Muslim but im not too sure)