APWH Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization

imperialism

extending a nation’s power/influence through territorial acquisition/control

motives for imperialism

• nationalism from empire development, sense of superiority = want bigger empire

• desire for raw materials + markets for manufacturing

• competition w other empires

• scientific racism: think themselves biologically superior (ex. phrenology)

• social darwinism: dominant races/classes got to their position through hard work/”survival of the fittest,” so they are the most superior/fit

  • white man’s burden: duty to “civilize” others through spread of western religion, education, gov

• spread christianity

first wave of imperialism

spain, portugal

mainly colonize americas/asia

intended to establish trade

second wave of imperialism

britain, france, dutch, germany, italy, belgium, US, JP

mainly colonize africa/asia

methods for seizing territory

• warfare/diplomacy (french algeria / berlin conference) 

• move from private ownership to state control (congo free state)

• conquering neighbors (US, JP, russia pan-slavism)

• establish settler colony: indigenous displacement by settlers (british australia)

imperialism in africa

• suez canal built by egyptian corvee laborers; competition between british/french for it bc it allows easier asia access

• Scramble for Africa: rapid EU colonization of africa

  • Berlin Conference: EU meeting (excluding african leaders) for orderly africa colonization, established colonial borders splitting ethnic groups or combining rival ones

  • Boer Wars: conflict between british and dutch Afrikaners; british displace africans/afrikaners and force into concentration camps

  • brutal enslavement in Congo Free State by King Leopold of Belgium

resistance to imperialism in africa

• Pan-Africanism: west-educated develop sense of shared identity + nationalism

• Xhosa cattle killing: killed cattle/crops believing that it would get rid of the british, only resulted in widespread famine because they ruined all their food

• Yaa Asantewaa War: final brit attempt to subjugate Asante, tried and failed to take golden stool

imperialism in south asia

• portugal/france trading posts

• EIC (brit) takes advantage of declining mughal and gains complete control

  • british raj (colonial gov answering to queen) later replaces EIC and kicks out mughal following sepoy mutiny

resistance to imperialism in south asia

• Indian Rebellion of 1857/Sepoy Mutiny: sepoys (indian soldiers who work for brit) rebelled in response to british disrespect of hindu/muslim dietary laws; made them use bullet cartridges greased w beef/pork fat that they had to bite into to use

• Indian National Congress: brit-educated indian air grievances, call for independence

economic imperialism

states extending control and making other states subservient through economic means 

ex. opium wars in china, creation of colonial economic dependence

imperialism in china

Opium Wars: fought between cn/brit after british introduction of opium (response to imbalance of trade), subsequent addiction/destruction, and its outlawing/resistance by the emperor

• ended in CN defeat -> unfair Treaty of Nanjing + Tientsin opening CN first to brit and then to larger EU for trade

• CN reputation becomes weak -> spheres of influence: economic/political division of China into “sectors” for EU powers to control (trading rights, resources access, etc); exploitation at the expense of Qing Dynasty

  • open door policy introduced by US ensuring equal access to CN markets

internal issues in china

• loss of Korea, Vietnam (sino-french war), Taiwan (sino-jp war)

• Taiping Rebellion: failed attempt to overthrow Qing Dynasty

• Boxer Rebellion: anti-imperialist Boxers + Empress Cixi kill christian missionaries as well as chinese christians, shut down by foreign reinforcements

imperialism in southeast asia

• VOC (dutch) takes over spice islands, gov cash crops

• French Indochina: Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam; cash crops

  • Vietnam resistance movement under Ho Chi Minh

• brit: Malay Peninsula, Burma, Borneo; minerals + cash crops

resistance to imperialism in southeast asia

• Siam (Thailand) remains independent; reformed + industrialized

• Philippine Revolution: spanish execution of reform movement members; transferred control to US after spanish-american war -> philippine-american war

imperialism in latin america

• manifest destiny: american belief that we are destined by god to expand west

• Trail of Tears: forced NA migration to oklahoman reservations under Indian Removal Act

• Monroe Doctrine: EU shouldn’t intervene (make territorial claims) in western hemisphere

  • Roosevelt Corollary: US will intervene (militarily) if there are financial disputes w latin american states to maintain peace; basically US is in charge of western hemisphere

• Spanish-American War: US gains Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines; US considered a world power

resistance to imperialism in latin america

sacred spiritual Ghost Dance meant to hasten settlers’ withdrawal and restoration of NA, viewed as a threat by gov and shut down at Wounded Knee Massacre

causes of colonial resistance

• questioning political authority: introduction of enlightenment bc western education from imperialism

• growth of nationalism

causes of colonial economic dependence on colonizers

transition from subsistence to export economies

• only suits imperial interests: raw materials (cotton, palm oil) and food supply (sugar, coffee)

• no agricultural diversity + little food growth = inc food prices, land/climate damage, economic dependence on EU

• purchase of manufactured goods using profits from exports = further EU dependence

another form of economic imperialism!!

causes of migration

• inc population/lifespan due to medicine, varied diets

  • rural move urban, some EU move colonies

• better transportation: railroad, steamship facilitate migration + allow travel home (JP colonization society)

• challenges in home country

  • diaspora: mass emigrations from a country/region over many years

  • poverty, famine (ex. Irish Potato Famine), search for opportunities, political turmoil (ex. italy unification, britain takeover of ireland)

• for work, both voluntary and not (slave trade, penal colonies, indentured servitude, asian contract laborers)

effects of migration

• home: demographic shifts (migrants often male) = sometimes women gain autonomy and can take on “male” roles, ex. leading the household

• receiving

  • ethnic enclaves: clusters of people from the same country/ethnicity/culture in a foreign country (ex. chinatown)

    • outpost: preserve home language/food/trad

    • cultural diffusion/exchange w new culture (ex. irish enclaves create catholic growth in US)

  • nativism: prejudice/regulation to protect interests of natives over immigrants

    • CN discrimination in US: no hiring, no citizenship, segregation, Chinese Exclusion Act

    • immigration limits in Aus, ex. White Australia Policy