AP World History - Africa in the Late 1900s

Amritsar Massacre

Event that occurred on April 13, 1919, in Amritsar, India, where British troops fired on a crowd of unarmed Indian protesters, killing hundreds.

Non-cooperation

Refusal to comply with laws or regulations as a form of protest or resistance.

Homespun movement

A movement by Gandhi that emerged encouraging colonists to boycott British textiles and instead produce their own clothing

March to the sea 

Movement where Gandhi and hundreds of thousands of other Indians marched to the sea to produce their own salt

Muslim League

Political organization formed in 1906 in India to represent the interests of Muslims in the country. It played a key role in the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

Jawaharlal Nehru

First Prime Minister of India who served from 1947 to 1964. He was a central figure in India's fight for independence from British colonial rule and played a key role in shaping India's modern history. Nehru was an advocate of secularism, democracy, and socialism, and his policies helped to establish India as a non-aligned nation in the Cold War era.

Pakistan

A country located in South Asia, split from India because the people did not wish to be ruled by people of another religion

Kasmir

The conflict over the region between India + Pakistan has resulted in multiple wars and ongoing political tensions.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Founder of Pakistan, led the Muslim League in the struggle for an independent Muslim state. Known as Quaid-e-Azam (Great Leader) by Pakistanis.

Bangladesh

Area that split from India

Algeria

Freed from France

Nkrumah

Kwame Nkrumah was the nationalist president of Ghana who led the country to independence from British colonial rule in 1957.

Mau Mau Rebellion

Independence movement in Kenya

Joseph Mobutu 

Military officer who seized power in Congo in 1965 and ruled as a dictator until 1997. He changed the country's name to Zaire, promoted African cultural identity, but also enriched himself and suppressed political opposition.

Rhodesia

Zimbabwe

Nelson Mandela

South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. He fought against institutionalized racism and inequality, and spent 27 years in prison for his activism.

Apartheid

Segregation in South Africa

Robert Mugabe 

Leader of Zimbabwe who killed the country’s economy and was an extreme nationalist

F.W. De Klerk

Former South African president who released Nelson Mandela from prison and lifted the ban on political parties.

Somalia

Country located in the Horn of Africa, with a population of over 15 million people. Its capital is Mogadishu and its official languages are Somali and Arabic. It has a long coastline along the Indian Ocean and is known for its agriculture and livestock industries. The country has faced political instability and violence in recent years.

Jomo Kenyatta 

Kenyan anti-colonial activist and politician who became the first President of Kenya. He played a key role in the fight against British colonialism and the struggle for Kenyan independence, leading the Mau Mau rebellion.

Belgium

Colonized DRC.

England

Colonized South Africa, Botswana, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Lesotho.

France

Colonized Algeria

Rwanda

Genocide happened between majority Hutus and Belgian-chosen, minority Tutsis, killing 500,000-1,000,000 people. Rwandan Patriotic Front, in 1994, establishes new government.