normal development

what does movement allow infants to experience?

environment

how are motor assessments conducted?

standardized assessments, parental reports, observation

what is the variability of human growth and development dependent on?

intrinsic and extrinsic factors

neural-maturational theories?

based on hierarchy of skill development, changes in gross motor skills during infancy results from the neurological maturation of the CNS

what is the neurological maturation of the CNS characterized by?

incr myelination of the CNS and ensuing inhibition of the lower subcortical nuclei by the higher fxning cerebral cortex

what does the neuromaturational model assume?

that the instructions for the emergence of motor skills is hardwired in the brain c the cerebral cortex as the organizational center for controlled and voluntary mvmt

what plays a secondary role in motor skill acquisition according to the neuromaturational model?

environment

how is treatment delivered based on the neuromaturational model?

inhibition of reflexes, facilitation of righting and equilibrium to develop voluntary motor behavior

what is the cognitive (behavioral) theory?

stimulus-response approach, environment = site of developmental control. behavior is modified through manipulating stimuli

- based on skinner, pavlov

what is the dynamic systems approach theory?

motor behavior emerges from the dynamic cooperation of many subsystems in a task-specific context; CNS is necessary but not sufficient component

- development is nonlinear; result of many intrinsic and extrinsic factors

what are the 3 categories that the subsystems belong to in the dynamical systems theory?

infant (self), environment, task

infant (self) subsystem?

includes aspects of the emotional state of the infant, the degree of motivation, cognition, neurological systems (ANS, CNS, PNS), perceptual system, mm properties, biomechanical leverages

environment subsystem?

includes aspects of surfaces, gravity, height, accessibility, texture, and social aspects as well

task subsystem?

includes aspect of the toy itself (shape, size, color, texture), social context, fxnal aspect

what is the neuronal group selection theory?

genetic and experience play a role in motor development

- primary variability: diff info from environment

- secondary variability: pick best solution dependent on situation

what is gestational age?

number of dates in utero (weeks)

what is chronological age?

age from date of birth

what is adjusted age?

40 wks - gestational age; subtract this from chronological age

initial mvmt is ___ in nature

reflexive

what is the neonate?

first 28 days of life, characterized by physiological flexion

t/f: preterm infants have flexion

false

what are the motor developmental goal?

antigravity control, maintain COG in the BOS, performance of inter- and intrasegmental mvmts, body learns to dissociate mvmt

what is the prone progression overview?

prone → prone on elbows → pivot prone → crawling → quadruped → creeping

what are characteristics of infants laying prone?

reduction of physiological flexion from birth, posterior pelvic tilts begin, activation of abdominals

what does an anterior pelvic tilt prevent?

head lift

what are characteristics of prone on elbows?

must have stabilized pelvis, lift head 90 degrees, chin tuck about 4 mo, cephalocaudal progression of antigravity ext beginning, UE moves under body to bear wt, SA

what are other skills gained from laying prone?

wt shift, scapulohumeral control, reaching

what is the supine progression?

ATNR → pull to sit → mvmt against gravity → midline → hand to feet → feet to mouth → bridging

what is the rolling progression?

log rolling (non-segmental) → segmental rolling → prone to supine and the reverse

what is log rolling based on?

head righting reaction

what is sitting progression?

sacral sitting → propped sitting → ring sitting → half ring → reduced BOS → transition b/tw sitting and quadruped

what are other skills gained with sitting up?

moving upright, antigravity control, trunk rotation/stabilization, develop spinal curves

what are things learned through quadruped?

wt bearing through all extremities, wt shift, reciprocal motion, locomotion

what are is the standing progression?

supported standing → independent standing → cruising → independent walking → stair climbing

what are the balance developmental progressions?

righting reactions → tilting responses → equilibrium responses → protective reactions

what is the progression of grasp?

reflexive; crude grasp progresses quickly to refined grasp

what is the progression of release?

accidental at first → purposeful at 11 mo

what are diagnoses associated with motor impairment?

CP, genetic disorders, spina bifida, developmental coordination disorder, developmental delay, mm dystrophy, autism, countless rare syndromes

how does CP affect normal development?

persisting primitive reflexes, abnormal tone and posturing, decr motor activity, decr mvmt variability, delay in motor milestones