Psychiatric Nursing Exam Flashcards

Flashcards in the FILL_IN_THE_BLANK style based on lecture notes about psychiatric nursing.

(DISTURBANCE IN PERCEPTION)

__ is the misperception of an actual external stimuli.

Illusion

(DISTURBANCE IN PERCEPTION)

__ is a false sensory perception in the absence of external stimuli.

Hallucination

(DISTURBANCE IN PERCEPTION)

__ is the pathological coining of new words.

Neologism

(DISTURBANCE IN PERCEPTION

__ is the over inclusion of details.

Circumstantiality

(DISTURBANCE IN PERCEPTION)

__ is an incoherent mixture of words and phrases.

Word salad

(DISTURBANCE IN PERCEPTION)

__ is shifting of one topic from one subject to another in a completely unrelated way.

Flight of ideas

(DISTURBANCE IN PERCEPTION)

__ is shifting of a topic from one subject to another in somewhat related way.

Looseness of association

(DISTURBANCE IN PERCEPTION)

__ is meaningless repetition of word or phrases.

Verbigeration

(DISTURBANCE IN PERCEPTION)

__ is persistence of a response to a previous question.

Perseveration

(DISTURBANCE IN PERCEPTION)

__ is pathological repetition of words of others.

Echolalia

(DISTURBANCE IN PERCEPTION)

In __ the sound of the word gives direction to the flow of thought.

Clang association

(DISTURBANCE IN PERCEPTION)

__ is a false belief which is inconsistent with one’s knowledge and culture.

Delusion

(TYPES OF DELUSION)

__ is an exaggerated belief of identity.

Grandeur

(TYPES OF DELUSION

In __ the client denies the existence of self or part of self.

Nihilistic

(TYPES OF DELUSION)

__ is the belief that he or she is the object of environmental attention and being singled out for harassment.

Persecution

(TYPES OF DELUSION)

__ is worthlessness or hopelessness.

Self-depreciation

(TYPES OF DELUSION)

__ is a false belief to body function.

Somatic

(DISTURBANCES OF AFFECT)

__ is disharmony between the stimuli and the emotional reaction

Inappropriate affect

(DISTURBANCES OF AFFECT)

__ is severe reduction in emotional reaction

Blunted affect

(DISTURBANCES OF AFFECT)

__ is absence or near absence of emotional reaction

Flat affect

(DISTURBANCES OF AFFECT)

__ is dulled emotional tone.

Apathy

(DISTURBANCE IN MOTOR ACTIVITY)

__ is the pathological imitation of posture/action of others.

Echopraxia

(DISTURBANCE IN MOTOR ACTIVITY)

__ is maintaining the desired position for long periods of time without discomfort.

Waxy flexibility

(DISTURBANCE IN MOTOR ACTIVITY)

__ is loss of movement.

Akinesia

(DISTURBANCE IN MOTOR ACTIVITY)

__ is slowness of all voluntary movement including speech.

Bradykinesia

(DISTURBANCE IN MOTOR ACTIVITY)

__ is loss of coordinated movement.

Ataxia

(DISTURBANCE IN MEMORY)

__ is filling in of memory gaps.

Confabulation

(DISTURBANCE IN MEMORY)

__ is inability to recall past events.

Amnesia

(TYPES OF AMNESIA)

__ – Immediate past amnesia.

Anterograde

(TYPES OF AMNESIA)

__ – Distant past amnesia.

Retrograde

(DISTURBANCE IN MEMORY)

__ is feeling of having been to place which one has not yet visited.

Deja vu

(DISTURBANCE IN MEMORY)

__ is feeling of not having been to a place which one has visited.

Jamais vu

(DISTURBANCE IN MEMORY)

__ is gradual deterioration of intellectual functioning which results in the decreased of capacity to perform ADL.

Dementia

(OTHER BEHAVIORAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)

__ is severe anxiety associated with motor restlessness.

Agitation

(OTHER BEHAVIORAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)

__ is inability to recognize and interpret sensory stimuli.

Agnosia

(OTHER BEHAVIORAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)

__ is subjective feeling of muscular tension, restlessness and pacing repeated sitting and standing.

Akathisia

(OTHER BEHAVIORAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)

__ is presence of two opposing feelings at the same time.

Ambivalence

(OTHER BEHAVIORAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)

__ is inability or difficulty to speak or recall words.

Aphasia

(OTHER BEHAVIORAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)

__ is inability to carry out specific task or activity.

Apraxia

(OTHER BEHAVIORAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)

__ refers to acute change or disturbance in a person's level of consciousness, cognition, emotion, perception.

Delirium

(OTHER BEHAVIORAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)

__ is feeling of sadness.

Depression

(OTHER BEHAVIORAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)

__ is feeling of strangeness towards the environment.

Derealization

(OTHER BEHAVIORAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)

__ is Persistent state of sadness.

Dysthymia

(OTHER BEHAVIORAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)

__ is feeling of high degree of confidence, boastfulness and joy with increase motor activity.

Elation (Euphoria)

(OTHER BEHAVIORAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)

__ is sleep disorder characterized by frequent irresistible urge to sleep with episodes of cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle power).

Narcolepsy

(COMMON BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS)

__ is behavior characterized by avoidance of interpersonal contact and a sense of unreality.

Interpersonal withdrawal

Two types of interpersonal withdrawal

Physical and verbal withdrawal

Nursing intervention of interpersonal withdrawal

• Avoid punishment of client.

• Decrease isolation.

• Invite the client to speak.

• State the amount of time you are willing to stay with the client, whether he or she chooses to speak or not.

• Change the context of the contact

• Encourage the client to share responsibility for the continuance of the relationship.

(COMMON BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS)

__ is a selective, defensive operation in which the individual resorts to earlier, childish, or less complex patterns of behavior that once brought the client attention or pleasure.

Regression

Nursing interventions of regression

• Avoid fostering dependency and childlike attitudes.

• Be patient and understanding.

• Confront client directly about his or her plan.

• Compliment client when he or she does something unusually well or assumes more responsibility.

• Promote problem solving, reality orientation, and involvement in social activities.

• Avoid punishment after periods of regression; instead, explore the meaning of the regressive behavior.

• Remember that regression is a normal occurrence in young children who are hospitalized.

(COMMON BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS)

__ is an unconscious process used to obtain relief from anxiety that is produced by a sense of danger; it involves a sense of powerlessness.

Anger

Nursing interventions of anger

• Have client acknowledge or name feelings.

• Explore source of personal fear or perceived threat

• Encourage verbalization of anxiety.

• Explore appropriate external expression of feelings.

• Avoid arguing with client.

• Acting-out behavior is often an indirect expression of anger; it attracts attention and often represents the feelings the person is experiencing.

(COMMON BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS)

__ is an antagonistic feeling; the client wishes to hurt or humiliate others; the result may be a feeling of inadequacy or self-rejection due to a loss of self-esteem.

Hostility/Aggressiveness

Nursing interventions of hostility/aggressiveness

• Prevent aggressive contact by early recognition of increased anxiety.

• Maintain client contact rather than avoid it.

• Encourage verbalization of feelings associated with a threat of frustration (helplessness, inadequacy, anger).

• Reduce environmental stimuli.

• Avoid reinforcement behavior (e.g., joking, laughing, teasing, and competitive games).

• Use distraction or remove the client from the immediate environment to reestablish self-control.

• Set limits on unacceptable behavior.

• Protect other clients.

(COMMON BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS)

__ is behavior that is physically assaultive and risks injury to the self, others, and the environment.

Violence

Nursing interventions of violence

A. Establish eye contact.

B. Avoid asking, “Why?” Instead ask, “What’s bothering you?”

C. Speak to the client softly, slowly, and with assurance.

D. Give directions clearly and concisely. Tell the client what you want him or her to do.

E. Encourage client to verbalize feelings.

F. Position yourself near the door.

G. Self-protection and protection of other clients are primary concerns.

H. Once the client is in control of his or her behavior, review and process the situation in order to alleviate the client’s guilt and to discuss alternatives in case the client becomes anxious or angry in the future.

(COMMON BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS)

__ is difficult to define, because the term has been politicized and is not a clinical or scientific term.

Abuse

7 types of abuse

1. Physical abuse

2. Physical neglect

3. Emotional abuse

4. Emotional neglect

5. Economic abuse

6. Sexual abuse

7. Incest

(DOMESTIC VIOLENCE REQUIRING CRISIS INTERVENTION)

__ is the nonconsensual sexual penetration of an individual, obtained by force or threat, or in cases in which the victim is not capable of consent.

Rape

Kinds of rape

• To prove masculinity

Power

Kinds of rape

• Means of retaliation

Anger

Kinds of rape

• To express erotic feelings

Sadistic

__ reaction to rape where the victim fails to disclose information about the rape, is unable to resolve feelings about the sexual assault, and results to increase anxiety and may develop a sudden phobic reaction.

Silent Rape Syndrome

__ refers to a group of signs and symptoms experienced by a victim in reaction to rape.

Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS)

Phases of Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS)

o Acute / Impact – shock, numbness, disbelief

o Repression / Denial – refusal to discuss the event

o Heightened Anxiety – fear, tension, nightmares

o Stage of Resolution

__ is a form of cyclic domestic violence. Men have low self-esteem and Women have Dependent personality disorder.

Battered Wife Syndrome (BWS)

Characteristics of abusive husbands

● They usually come from violent families

● They are immature, dependent and non-assertive

● They have strong feelings of inadequacy

(DOMESTIC VIOLENCE REQUIRING CRISIS INTERVENTION)

__ is an act of omission of responsibility or commission in which intentional harm is inflicted on a child.

Child abuse

Components of omission

• Child abandonment

• Child neglect

Types of commission

• Physical abuse

• Emotional abuse

• Sexual abuse

Characteristics of abusive parents

• They come from violent families

• They were also abused by their parents.

• They have inadequate parenting skills

• They are socially isolated because they don't trust anyone

• They are emotionally immature

• They have negative attitude towards the management of the abused

Warning signs of child abuse/neglect

• Child’s excessive knowledge on sex and abusive words

• Hair growth in various lengths

• Inconsistent stories from the child and parent/s

• Low self-esteem

• Depression

• Apathy

• Bruised or swollen genitalia; tears or bruising of rectum or vagina

• Unusual injuries for the child’s age and development

• Serious injuries (fractures, burns, lacerations)

• Evidence of old injuries not reported.

(PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER; CHILD RELATED DISORDERS)

A child who is mentally retarded has an IQ of __ or below, which is associated with deficits or impairments in adaptive behavior before the age of 18 years.

1. Mental Retardation (DSM-5: Intellectual Disability)

70 to 75

What level/category this is under

In __ (Mental Retardation) there is difficulty adapting to school and needs assistance.

IQ = 51-70

Mild

What level/category this is under

In __ (Mental Retardation) there is poor awareness of needs of others and needs moderate supervision.

IQ = 36-50

Moderate

What level/category this is under

In __ (Mental Retardation) the client is unable to learn academic skills, has poor motor development and minimal speech and needs complete and close supervision

IQ = 20-35

Severe

What level/category this is under

In __ (Mental Retardation) the client has minimal capacity for sensorimotor function and needs custodial care with a totally structured environment.

IQ = below 20

Profound

Nursing interventions for mental retardation

1. Goal: To promote optimum development within a family and community setting.

2. Goal: To promote independence by setting realistic goals.

(PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER; CHILD RELATED DISORDERS)

__ is characterized by inattentiveness, overactivity, and impulsiveness and is usually diagnosed before age 7.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Problems (Diagnostic Criteria)/Assessment

1. Inattention

2. Impulsivity

3. Hyperactivity

Nursing interventions of ADHD

1 Goal: To keep child from harming self or others

2 Goal: To encourage age-appropriate, socially acceptable coping skills.

3 Goal: To decrease anxiety and increase self-esteem.

4 Goal: To administer prescribed medication

(PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER; CHILD RELATED DISORDERS)

__ is the DSM-5 diagnosis that includes disorders previously categorized as different types of a pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), characterized by pervasive and usually severe impairment of reciprocal social interaction skills, communication deviance, and restricted stereotypical behavioral patterns.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by:

• Impairment in communication skills

• Presence of stereotyped behavior, interests, and activities

Signs and symptoms of autism spectrum disorder

O - odd play

N - not cuddly

E - echolalia

C - crying tantrums

H - head towards anything

I - inanimate object attachment

L - loves of spin objects/self

D - difficulty interacting with others

W - wants blocks

A - acts as deaf

R - resist normal teaching method/routine changes

N - no fear of danger

I - insensitive to pain

N - no eye contact

G - giggling or silly laugh

Nursing interventions of Autism spectrum disorder

1 Environment:

2 Encourage the client to participate for self-care

3 Promote communication

4 Haloperidol

(PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS; EATING DISORDERS)

This group of disorders is characterized by gross disturbances in eating behavior and is more common among __.

what are the two eating disorders

females

Anorexia Nervosa and bulimia Nervosa

Causes of eating disorders

• Psychological factors

• Parental factors (domineering parents)

• Individual factors (conflict about growing up)

• Sociocultural factors

(PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS: EATING DISORDERS

__ is a life-threatening eating disorder characterized by the client’s restriction of nutritional intake necessary to maintain a minimally normal body weight, intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, significantly disturbed perception of the shape or size of the body, and steadfast inability or refusal to acknowledge the seriousness of the problem or even that one exists.

Anorexia nervosa

The main sign of anorexia nervosa is morbid fear of __.

gaining weight

Assessment of Anorexia Nervosa

1 Intense fear of gaining weight and/or becoming obese.

2 Need for control and perfectionism.

3 Disturbance of body image.

4 Occurs more often in females than males.

5 Body weight less than 85% of that expected.

6 No known physical illness.

7A life-threatening emergency: up to 15% of clients with

anorexia die of malnutrition, and many are prone to

suicide.

Signs of Anorexia Nervosa

S - Sensitivity to cold temperatures

A - Amenorrhea

D - Deliberate self-starvation with weight loss

D - Denial of hunger

O Obvious thinness but feels fat

L - Lanugo all over the body

L - Loss of scalp hair

__ is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors to avoid weight gain, such as purging, fasting, or excessively exercising.

Bulimia nervosa

__ is bruises or calluses on the thumb or hand caused by trauma from self-induced vomiting in bulimia.

Russell’s sign

Assessment of bulimia Nervosa

1 Recurrent episodes of binge eating.

2 Awareness that eating pattern is abnormal.

3 Secretive binge eating and purging behaviors (diuretics, laxatives, excessive exercise).

a. Russell’s sign—bruises or calluses on the thumb or hand caused by trauma from self-induced vomiting.

4 Fear of not being able to stop eating voluntarily.

5Depressed mood and self-induced vomiting after the eating bing

Nursing interventions of Nulimia Nervosa

R - Reinforce treatment plans and dietary prescriptions

E - Establish a trusting relationship

M - Monitor weight and vital signs

E - Encourage client to express feelings

D - Decrease emphasis on foods, eating, weight

I - Involve in decision-making

E - Employ limit setting

S - Stay with the client after meal and for 1st four hours

(PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS; COGNITIVE DISORDERS)

__ manifest deficits in memory, problem solving, perception, reasoning, and judgment. Delirium and dementia are common.

Cognitive disorders

__ affects mainly attention.

Delirium

__ affects mainly memory.

Dementia

(PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS; COGNITIVE DISORDERS)

__ is a syndrome that involves a disturbance of consciousness accompanied by a change in cognition and usually develops over a short period, sometimes a matter of hours, and fluctuates, or changes, throughout the course of the day.

Delirium

Most common causes of delirium

Physiological or metabolic

Infection

Drug related