HUSH Chapters 16-18

Second Industrial Revolution

phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century
railroads made it possible, created national market
rise of national brands, integration of economy
growing population formed ever-expanding market for mass production, distribution, and marketing
innovations such as the telegraph, telephone, typewriter, camera, Edison's lightbulb, motion picture, electricity
dramatic but highly volatile growth, deflation
ruthless competition, wanted to bring order to market by pools and trusts, but both were short lived
giant cooperations gradually dominated

Thomas Edison

American inventor and businessman
developed electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures, early versions of the electric light bulb

Trusts

a relationship in which one person holds title to property, subject to an obligation to keep or use the property for the benefit of another (think monopoly)

Captains of Industry

a business leader whose means of amassing a personal fortune contributed positively to the country

Robber Barons

a person who has become rich through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices

J. P. Morgan

an American financier and investment banker who dominated corporate finance on Wall Street throughout the Gilded Age
spearheaded formation of several prominent multinational corporations including U.S. Steel, International Harvester and General Electric
Called "America's greatest banker"
Dominance over railroads
driving force behind the wave of industrial consolidation

John D. Rockefeller

American business magnate and philanthropist
His Standard Oil Company began with horizontal expansion and developed a vertically integrated monopoly, controlled 90% of all oil in the US at peak
He established foundations but fought workers efforts to organize unions
widely considered the wealthiest American of all time and the richest person in modern history
gained enormous influence over the railroad industry which transported his oil around the country

Standard Oil Company

founded by Rockefeller and Henry Flagler
an American oil production, transportation, refining, and marketing company that operated from 1870 to 1911
one of the world's first and largest multinational corporations, first great business trust in the US
dominated the oil products market initially through horizontal integration then, in later years vertical integration
largest petroleum company in the world
history ended when the Supreme Court ruled that it was an illegal monopoly

Cornelius Vanderbilt

nicknamed "the Commodore"
American business magnate who built his wealth in railroads and shipping
worked his way into leadership positions in the inland water trade and invested in the rapidly growing railroad industry, transforming the geography of the US
Provided initial gift of funding for Vanderbilt University

Andrew Carnegie

Leading industrialist and philanthropist
Used vertical integration, controlling every phase of business
built Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company; it formed the basis of the U.S. Steel Corporation; his steel factory complex was most advanced in the world
Did large-scale philanthropy, with special emphasis on building local libraries, world peace, education, and scientific research, but ran factories without giving workers rest

United States Steel Corporation

An American integrated steel producer headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
J. P. Morgan formed it in 1901 by financing the merger of Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Company with Elbert H. Gary's Federal Steel Company and William Henry "Judge" Moore's National Steel Company
2018- the second-largest steel producer in the US

Gospel of Wealth

an article written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich
Carnegie proposed that the best way of dealing with the new phenomenon of wealth inequality was for the wealthy to utilize their surplus means in a responsible and thoughtful manner

"Vertical integration"

acquiring or working closely with organizations above and below your business's position in the supply chain

"Horizontal expansion"

a business strategy in which one company grows its operations at the same level in an industry

Mark Twain

an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer
praised as the "greatest humorist the United States has produced" and "the father of American literature"
Name "the gilded age" was derived from his work
Author of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

The Gilded Age

1870-1890
only period known by derogatory name
It name means it masks a core of little real value and is deceptive
broad social discussion, widespread debate and literature
social unrest between classes, workers' complaints
freedom and equality disconnected
natural superiority reemerged

Social Darwinism

misapplications of darwin's theory of evolution saying that giant industrial cooperations were more adapted and that failure was fate because of natural ability
most influential supporter: William Graham Sumner- acceptance of inequality
helped popularize an idea that would be embraced by business and professional class: a negative definition of freedom as limited gov and unrestrained free market

Lochner v. New York

a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court holding that a New York State statute that prescribed maximum working hours for bakers violated the bakers' right to freedom of contract under the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

Great Railroad Strike

1877
Sometimes referred to as "the great upheaval"
first labor walkout
began after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) cut wages for the third time in a year
Lasted 52 days, put down by unofficial militias, the National Guard, and federal troops
workers in numerous other cities also went out on strike.
estimated 100 people were killed in the unrest across the country
workers burned down and destroyed both physical facilities engines and railroad cars
Showed solidarity among workers, close ties between republicans and industrialists

Knights of Labor

led by Terence V. Powderly
an American labor federation active in the late 19th century
first mass organization of the white working class of the United States
first group to organize all workers (except for asians)
high point 1886, soon declined

Social Gospel

A social movement within Protestantism that aims to apply Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice
originated as effort to reform Protestant churches by making them more attentive to the era's social ills and expanding appeal in poor urban neighborhoods
missions and relief programs

Haymarket Affair

1886 May 1
Haymarket Square, Chicago
began as a peaceful rally in support of workers striking for an eight-hour work day, but an unknown person threw a bomb at the police as they acted to disperse the meeting
Origin of first May Day celebrated by organized labor
brought tgt natives and immigrants
employers painted labor movement as dangerous, violent, un-american
convicted 8 even though charges were weak, most of the 8 were foreign born

Chief Joseph

Indian chief who was leader of the Nez Perce Indians. He and his tribe were chased out of their homeland. He gave a speech against their confinement and said that all should be equal.

Battle of Little Bighorn

famous Indian victory
armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and the US Army
most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876
1876, along the Little Bighorn River

General George A. Custer

a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the American Indian Wars
lead the 7th Cavalry Regiment at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in Montana Territory against a coalition of Native American tribes, killed in conflict

Dawes Act

1887
broke up the land of nearly all tribes into small parcels to be distributed to Indian families, rest went to auction
Indians who adopted farming would become full fledged american citizens
loss of much tribal land and caused erosion of cultural traditions
caused land rushes

Elk v. Wilkins

In a case focused on a Native American man, John Elk, denied the right to vote after he left his reservation and began living among white people, the Supreme Court found that Native Americans were not citizens by birth under the Fourteenth Amendment and could therefore be denied the right to vote.
1884

Ghost Dance

religious revitalization campaign; a ceremony incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems
Means to reunite the living with spirits of the dead, bring the spirits to fight on their behalf, end American westward expansion, and bring peace, prosperity, and unity to Native American peoples
associated with prophecy of an end to colonial expansion

Wounded Knee Massacre

troops fired against ghost dancers near wounded knee creek in South Dakota
widely applauded in press
massacre of nearly three hundred Lakota people by soldiers of the US Army

William "Buffalo Bill" Cody

The most impt popularizer of the idea of the west
an American soldier, bison hunter, and showman
performed in shows that displayed cowboy themes and episodes from the frontier and Indian Wars
Took large company on tours in the US and in Great Britain and continental Europe

Sitting Bull

a Lakota leader who led his people during years of resistance against US government policies
killed by Indian agency police during an attempt to arrest him; authorities feared that he would join the Ghost Dance movement
Before the Battle of the Little Bighorn, he had a vision which his people took as a foreshadowing of a major victory which was fulfilled
In response, the government sent thousands more soldiers, forcing many of the Lakota to surrender
He refused to surrender and led his band north, but eventually returned to U.S. territory and surrendered
worked as a performer with Buffalo Bill's Wild West show

Civil Service Act of 1883

merit system for federal employees
appointment via examinations
first step in establishing professional civil service and removing officeholding from hands of political machines
however unintendedly increased politicians dependence on donations from business interests

Interstate Commerce Act/Commission

Made to ensure that railroads had fair price and were fair
first federal agency to regulate economic activity but could only sue companies, which made little impact on railroad practices

Sherman Antitrust Act

​​antitrust law which prescribes the rule of free competition among those engaged in commerce
banned everything that restricted free trade but vague language made it impossible to enforce
Goal is to preserve a competitive marketplace to protect consumers from abuses

Farmers' Alliance

Organization of farmers founded in the late 19th century that wanted to improve their working condition. Expanded to 43 states by 1890. Attempted to improve rural conditions, wanted governments to create warehouses for farmers to store their crops. Eventually evolved into the Populists

Populists (or People's Party)

Evolved from the Farmers' Alliance, also known as the People's Party. Appealed to "the producing classes". Would win support from miners and those who used to be in Knights of Labor. Would publish many pamphlets and newspapers. Goals were to get people elected who would support farmers.

Mary Elizabeth Lease

A speaker for the Populist party and the Farmer's Alliance. One of the founders of the national Populist party. One of the first lawyers in Kansas. Advocated for Women's Rights.

Coxey's Army

Band of several hundred unemployed men who were angry about the job market. Led by Jacob Coxey. Federal government sent in the military to break up this protest!

Pullman Strike

violent 1894 railway workers' strike which began outside of Chicago and spread nationwide. The company owned the town where railroad sleeping cars were manufactured. Called for a protest of low wages for workers. Members of the American Railway Union protested their cars. President Cleveland ordered workers back to work.

Eugene V. Debs

American socialist, political activist, trade unionist, president of the American Railway Strike, and five
times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President
one of the best-known socialists living in the US
railroad union leader jailed for Pullman strike

William Jennings Bryan

1896 election candidate that was supported by both the Populists and Democrats. He was a 36-year-old congressman from Nebraska. Called for the free coinage of silvery, or the unrestricted minting of silvery money. Was a follower of the Social Gospel

William McKinley

Candidate of the republicans in the 1896 election eastern bankers and industrialists poured millions into the republican campaign; __'s manager created powerful national machine that flooded nation w propaganda swept northeast and midwest industrial America now voted solidly republican, esp when prosperity returned after 1897 shattered the political stalemate since 1876 and created one of the most enduring political majorities in American history passed Dingley tariff- highest rates in history and the gold standard act of 1900 during presidency requested and signed Congress's declaration of war to begin the Spanish-American War

Gold Standard Act

Act Signed by McKinley in 1900 saying that all paper money must be backed by gold at a fixed rate. This meant that the government had to hold large gold reserves in case people wanted to trade in their money. Eliminated silver coins in circulation and restricted paper money in circulation.

New South

During the 1880s, Henry Grady promoted the \_________, an era of prosperity based on industrial expansion and agricultural diversification

Kansas Exodus

From 1879 to 1880, 40000-60000 African-Americans migrated to Kansas seeking political equality, freedom from violence, and access to education/economic opportunity

National Association of Colored Women

Brought together women's clubs to press for women's rights and racial uplift
Aided poor families, offered lessons in home life and childbearing, and battled gambling and drinking in black communities (one founder was Ida B. Wells)

Booker T. Washington

Preached "accept discrimination for the time being and concentrate on elevating themselves through hard work and material prosperity" (PBS)
Received aid from wealthy northern whites to black politicians and newspapers
Caused a widespread sense that "breaching white power" is impossible and that they should focus on their own segregated communities
Opposed W.E.B Dubois

Atlanta Compromise Speech

Speech urged blacks to abandon agitation for civil and political rights

Tuskegee Institute

Built by Booker T Washington to educate training for jobs for blacks.

W.E.B. Dubois

One of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909

Grandfather Clause

Stated that the descendants of people who could vote before the Civil War (so pretty much whites) would be exempt from the voting tests
Hella racist
In Guinn v. US, the clause was deemed unconstitutional

Disenfranchisement

Restriction of suffrage
Got around the 15th amendment by making literacy/etc tests to vote
Led directly to the rise of southern demagogues, who mobilized white voters by extreme appeals to racism

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896
Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality

"Separate but Equal"

Segregation was constitutional as long as the facilities were equal
For reasons (including costs), this did not happen at all

Racial Terror

"Terror": instill fear, politically motivated
"Uppity": blacks trying to go against the racial hierarchy
Target for racial terror
Lynching
Extra judicial killing of an individual by a mob
Outside of the actual legal system
Common in the South, against African Americans
Or "sympathizers"
Pogroms
Organized violence against a minority group
Backed/supported by the government
Goal: fear them enough to leave

Lynching

Public/celebrated crimes
Send a message
Instill fear
If try to upset the racial hierarchy -\> publically murdered
The lynchings were advertised in the news
People would come to watch
Children too
Viewed like a spectacle/event
Spread the message to all
Killed the accused before trial
Often accused of harassing white women or murder
Usually false/no evidence accusations
Not just adult men were lynched
If they could not find the man, they would lynch his wife/children/family
Lynching reinforced the evolution of slavery
Lasting effects
Unequal judiciary representation

Ida B. Wells

Activist who condemned lynching — one of the founders of the NAACP

The Lost Cause

A romanticized version of slavery, the Old South, and the Confederate experience
Civil War remembered as a large family quarrel among white Americans in which blacks had played little part
War of "brother against brother"
Fight between "local rights" and "preservation of Union", not over slavery
Southern governments erected monuments dedicated to the Lost Cause

New Immigrants

Americans who entered the US coming from Southern and Eastern Europe. Described as being members of a distinct race.

Immigration Restriction League

Founded in 1894 in Boston. Was a league that called for a reduction of immigration by requiring literacy tests for those wanting to enter the US. Would be vetoed by President Cleveland.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Started in 1892, did not allow Chinese immigrants to enter the country.

United States v. Wong Kim Ark

In 1898, the Court ruled that the 14th Amendment awarded citizenship to children of Chinese immigrants born on American soil

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Founded by Sam Gompers. Believed that unions should devote themselves to fighting for higher wages and better working conditions. Restrained their membership to skilled workers.

Samuel Gompers

Founder of the AFL

Queen Liliuokalani

First and only reigning Hawaiian queen and the last Hawaiian sovereign to govern the islands, which were annexed by the United States in 1898.

William Randolph Hearst

Editor of the New York Journal, known for yellow press.

Joseph Pulitzer

Editor of the New York World, practiced Yellow Press.

Yellow Press

Idea started by Will Hearts, that would sensitize stories to make them desirable to the masses of people. Used by the press to start a war when the USS Maine blew up.

U.S.S. Maine

Ship that exploded was caused by an accident. This explosion was blamed on Spain by the press and Yellow Press was used to start a war with the Spanish.

Rough Riders

Led by Teddy Roosevelt, was a volunteer army that had athletes from Ivy League colleges, western cowboys, immigrants, and indians, but blacks were NOT allowed.

Platt Amendment

Said that America could intervene in Cuba whenever they deemed fit and Gave the US Access to Guantanamo bay.

Open Door Policy

Policy by US Secretary of State John Hay which would give all countries equal opportunities to trade in China.

Philippine War

The U.S. became involved in the war between the Philippines and the Spanish. After the Spanish were defeated, U.S stayed in the Philippines

Insular Cases

Supreme Court decision that said that the United States constitution did NOT fully apply to those in territories acquired by the US.

Anti-Imperialist League

1898: formed to fight U.S. annexation of the Philippines, citing a variety of reasons ranging from the economic to the legal to the racial to the moral.

Progressivism

Broad, loosely defined political movement of individuals and groups that wanted to bring significant change
~1910s
women activists, social scientists, middle class, labor activists, businessmen

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

__'s work \__ that described unsanitary slaughterhouses and sale of rotten meat, leading to passage of Pure Food and drug act and Meat Inspection Act

Ida Tarbell

an American writer, investigative journalist, biographer and lecturer
one of the leading muckrakers of the Progressive Era and pioneered investigative journalism
best known for her 1904 book The History of the Standard Oil Company

Louis D. Brandeis

He filed a brief citing scientific studies that persuaded the supreme court in the case Muller v Oregon (the "Brandeis brief", which relied on expert testimony from people in other professions, setting a new precedent in evidence presentation)
an American lawyer who served as an associate justice on the Supreme Court
Gave advice to Wilson as a candidate
criticized the power of large banks, money trusts, powerful corporations, monopolies, public corruption, and mass consumerism in books
one of the most famous and influential figures ever to serve on the high court; devoted most of his time to public causes and was later dubbed the "People's Lawyer"

Eugene V. Debs

American socialist, political activist, trade unionist, one of the founding members of the IWW, and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President
one of the best-known socialists living in the US
railroad union leader jailed for Pullman strike

Socialist Party

A party that called for immediate reforms such as free college education, improving condition of laborers, and ultimately democratic control over economy through public ownership of railroads and factories
gained lots of support
Lower East Side of NYC, immigrants + Judaism vibrant culture
Milwaukee, Victor Berger
old populist areas
Candidate: Eugene Debs
Industrial Workers of the World:
international labor union that was founded in Chicago in 1905
trade union+ advocate of worker's revolution
guiding principle: solidarity, sought to motivate those excluded from AFL
Collective Bargaining:
process of negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at workers' compensation and rights for workers
interests of the employees are commonly presented by representatives of a trade union mass strikes among immigrants placed demand for right of \__ at forefront of reform agenda

Industrial Workers of the World

A labor union founded in 1905 that sought to unite workers across industries and crafts in a revolution to overthrow capitalism and establish a socialist society.
The union, also known as the IWW or the Wobblies, advocated for collective bargaining and direct action.

Collective Bargaining

The process of negotiating the terms and conditions of employment between an employer and a union representing the employees.
Collective bargaining typically covers issues such as wages, hours, and working conditions.

Mary "Mother" Jones

Irish-born American labor organizer, former schoolteacher and dressmaker who became a prominent union organizer, community organizer, and activist
helped coordinate major strikes, secure bans on child labor, and co-founded the IWW
organizer for the Knights of Labor and the United Mine Workers union
called "the most dangerous woman in America" for her success in organizing mine workers and their families
In 1903, to protest child labor laws in the Pennsylvania mines and silk mills, she organized a children's march from Philadelphia to the home of President Theodore Roosevelt in NY

Feminism

during progressive era, this term first entered US vocab
range of socio-political movements and ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes

Emma Goldman

toured lecturing for more enlightened attitudes towards homosexuality, right to birth control
imprisoned several times for "inciting to riot" and illegally distributing information about birth control

Margaret Sanger

Forerunner of modern birth control movement
popularized the term "birth control"
established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America
column on sex education for The Call
openly advertised birth control devices in her own journal, the Woman Rebel
opened the first birth control clinic in the US, jailed

Birth-Control Movement

Growing presence of women in labor market reinforced demands for access to birth control
Emma goldman, margaret sanger, helen keller
This movement became a crossroad where labor radicals, cultural modernists, and feminists intersected
Supported by IWW and Socialist party
laws banning birth control began to change but still depended on state so birth control was still only available to some

Helen Keller

author, advocate for persons with disabilities, supporter of socialism, women suffrage, rights of laborers, world peace, member of IWW

Society of American Indians

1911
indian intellectuals who wanted to promote public discussion of rights of native americans
pan- indian space independent of white control
Carlos Montezuma was a founding member of this organization

Carlos Montezuma:

Member and founder of the Society of American Indians
Captured as a child and sold to a photographer
outspoken critic established newsletter Wassaja calling for the abolition of Bureau of Indian Affairs
needed self-determination, wanted full citizenship
- the forerunner of Indian radicalism

John Dewey

Philosopher advocating for pragatism
Wanted experimental & new approachs to social problems
Founded New School for Social Research in NYC which focused on scientifically evaluating public policy

Pragmatism

a philosophical tradition that considers words and thought as tools and instruments for prediction, problem solving, and action, and rejects the idea that the function of thought is to describe, represent, or mirror reality
institutions and social policies must be judged by concrete efforts, experience more impt than doctrine

Seventeenth Amendment

established the direct election of United States senators in each state

Jane Addams

founded Hull house (spearheads for reform), a settlement house improving lives of immigrant poor
Settlement house workers moved into neighborhoods to help
Advocated for activist gov, found that governmental work was essential

National American Woman Suffrage Association

1900s: women's suffrage moves past elitism to engage a broad coalition ranging from middle-class members of women's club to unionists, socialists, and settlement-house
Becomes a mass movement
By 1900: half the states allowed women to vote in local elections dealing with school issues
Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, Utah adopted full women's suffrage
1913: Women can vote in presidential elections in Illinois
Made effective use of the techniques of advertising, publicity, and mass entertainment characteristic of modern consumer society
This was sort of expensive, so the movement turned its attention to securing a national constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote

Alice Paul

An American women's rights activist and leader of the campaign for the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which guaranteed women the right to vote.
She was also the leader of the National Woman's Party and was imprisoned for her activism.

Carrie Nation

An American woman who was a leader in the temperance movement, which sought to prohibit the sale and consumption of alcohol.
Nation is known for her radical tactics, including physically destroying saloons and taverns with a hatchet.

Muller v. Oregon

A court landmark case
women had less strength and had to bear children so they should have less hours of work
solidified views of women being incapable of enjoying same economic rights as men
Act of limiting hours of female workers was followed by many states

John Muir

His Sienna Club helped preserve forests
His love of nature stemmed from religion
Inspired by Transcendentalists but had broader following as ppl began to see nature more as place for recreation and growth