Biology: How Life Works - Meiosis and Mendelian Inheritance

These flashcards cover essential vocabulary related to meiosis, Mendelian inheritance, and genetic principles discussed in the lecture.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that produces haploid cells, which are genetically unique.

Haploid

A cell that contains half the number of chromosomes as a diploid cell, typically represented as n.

Diploid

A cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, typically represented as 2n.

Alleles

Different forms of a gene that determine distinct traits, such as flower color or seed shape.

Genotype

The genetic constitution of an individual, represented by alleles.

Phenotype

The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an individual, as determined by the genotype.

Dominant trait

A trait that appears in the phenotype when at least one allele is present.

Recessive trait

A trait that is only expressed in the phenotype when two copies of the allele are present.

Independent assortment

The principle that alleles for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation.

Principle of Segregation

The law stating that individuals inherit two copies of each gene, which separate during the formation of gametes.

Nondisjunction

The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division, leading to genetic disorders.

Chiasmata

Points of crossing over between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis, leading to genetic diversity.

Gametes

Reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) that are haploid and combine during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.