market revolution and effects (period 4)

old northwest

six states that joined the union before 1860

which states were a part of the old northwest?

ohio (1803), indiana (1816), illinois (1818), michigan (1837), wisconsin (1848), and minnesota (1858)

what did john deere and cyrus mccormick create?

created the steel plow (deere) and mechanical reaper (mccormick)

samuel slater

an english mechanic that created the first factory in rhode island around 1790

francis cabot lowell

added a more efficient power loom to his textile mills (lowell mills) to increase mass production and standardization

robert fulton

invented the steamboat, which could travel against the current and faster than ever (5mph!!)

samuel f. b. morse

invented the telegraph in 1844; created morse code for the telegraphs functioning

eli whitney

invented the cotton gin (1793) and interchangable parts (1801)

how did corporations raise capital (circa 1811)

\-new york passed a law that made it easier for a business to incorporate and raise capital (money) by selling shares of stock

\-other states followed soon after

interchangable parts (1801)

a system where rifles (and other machinery) could be built with the same parts to increase efficiency and lower the level oof training needed to build weapons

sewing machine (1846)

greatly increased production in ready-to-wear clothing; originally created by elias howe (1846) but improved upon by issac singer (hence howe-singer)

cotton gin (1793)

a machine made to easily separate the seeds from cotton fibers; greatly increased slavery

morse code and telegraph (1830s)

developed by samuel morse; alternating long and short bursts of electric currents to communicate individual letters in a message; transmitted by telegraph across long distances

steam and locomotive engines (early 1800s)

invented by various people such as robert fulton (1804 with steam engine) and john stevens (1802 with a locomotive/car engine)

steamship (1807)

invented by robert fulton; had the ability to travel upriver; often used for trips along the mississippi river

erie canal (circa 1816)

a manmade river invented by dewitt clinton; longest canal of its time connecting the hudson river to the great lakes

railroads (circa 1840)

greatly increased interstate travel; slightly replaced the canals made prior to them; mostly in the northeast by 1860s

old national road

built 1811-1837; 620-mile surfaced road funded by the national government; signaled a push for internal improvements by government

what role did protective tariffs (1816, 1824, and 1828) play in the market revolution?

they helped american businesses to compete more effectively with the british in manufacturing and marketing

what role did transportation developments play in the market revolution?

they increased the ability to transport goods to different markets in the region or to find different jobs to work at

what role did technological developments play in the market revolution?

they increased communication and lowered the cost and time spent manufacturing goods, which increased mass production

how were women affected by the market revolution?

\-women began seeking employment (teaching or domestic service)

\-gained relatively more control over their lives

\-affected by the cult of domesticity

cult of domesticity

a movement during the market revolution targeted at women to encourage women to stay home; prominent during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries

how were immigrants affected by the market revolution?

\-immigration to america increased (mostly in the north)

\-many were able to travel because of reduced transportation costs and icnreased methods of transportation

where did the majority of immigrants during the market revolution come from?

ireland and germany

why did people migrate west in america?

because new england and other northern areas became less profitable; more people moved west to mroe promising cities

nativism

hatred/fear of immigrants; grew during the mid-19th century

how did nativism play a role in the market revolution?

older americans argued that immigrants were racially inferior, were stealing jobs from the “native” workforce

“know-nothing” political party

founded on nativist ideals; created to combat foreign influences and to uphold and promote traditional american ways

alexis de tocqueville

french aristocrat that went to new york in 1831 and studied american society; published democracy in america

what social class was emerging during the market revolution?

an “equal” middle class

how were the poor affected by the growing middle class?

the gap widened between owners and unskilled laborers (free black americans, native-born women and children, immigrants); the poor class grew in population

lowell system

mostly in massachusetts; enlisted young women to work in factories and earn between $2.50 and $3.25 a week; mostly applied to textile mills

antebellum era

the era from after war of 1812 (approx. 1816) to before the civil war (1861)

what were the gender roles during the antebellum era?

\-men: increasingly took more jobs outside the home; absent from home

\-women: remained home and took charge of households; cult of domesticity