Period 2

AP NOT HONORS

Why the Spanish came to the Americas

• Wanted wealth/gold colonies could offer

• Wanted to convert Natives to Christianity

• In the colonies, the Spanish made the Natives mine gold and silver for them

• Their voyages were funded by the Spanish crown

Context for Period 2

• A new age of Euro. colonization, not exploration like Period 1

• Spanish, French, Dutch, and British made colonies in NORTH AMERICA

• Each colony developed its own economic and cultural system

• Trade was important because it gave colonies things they otherwise wouldn’t have had and created bonds between colonies and Britain

• Trade in the later 1700s caused conflict w/ British government and Europeans

• Trade also caused conflicts between Natives and colonists - each didn’t want to share resources/land

• Euro. first enslaved Natives (failed, they escaped too easy)

• Indentured servants - failed

  • So, Britain started enslaving Africans, which worked

Why the French came to the Americas

• They didn’t have interest in the colonies until 1524 - were busy fighting wars and persecuting Protestants

• Wanted to find a waterway through Americas to Asia for trade

• They cared more about trade than conquest, VERY unlike Spain

• Were interested in fur and fish

• Not as many colonists as other Euro. nations

First French colony

• Made in 1608

• Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec (first French colony)

Culture of the French colonies

• French married Native women, who provided translation and trade connections

• Interacted with Ojibwe and traded with them

• Used river system for trade and made trading posts for fur

• Allies with Natives (

Why the Dutch came to the Americas

• Also wanted to find waterway for trade

Dutch colonial culture

• Didn’t want to convert Natives

• Had pure economic goal

• More likely to live by coastal/major waterway trading posts and less likely to marry Native Americans

First Dutch colony

• Henry Hudson was sent to America and got there in 1609

• He stopped by what would later be the Hudson River and claimed it for the Dutch

• In 1624, the Dutch founded New Amsterdam by the area of land Hudson found

• This colony became a trade hub

Why the British came to the Americas

• Economics - the British economy was not doing well

• This affected nobles and peasants

• Also came because of land - lots of poor and landless families

• The Enclosure Movement made it so wealthy landowners could take land from poor farmers and sell it

• Some wanted religious freedom, but this wasn’t main reason

• They came to colonies in familial groups

• Got along with Natives at first, this didn’t last long

First Africans sold

• Sold by Dutch

• Jamestown

• 1619

First Elected Legislature

• House of Burgesses

  • At the end of the 1660s, House made laws that said Africans were permanently enslaved

• 1619

• Jamestown settlers create first elected legislature in English colonies

Founding of New York

• 1664

• British capture Dutch New Amsterdam and make it New York

Final British colony

• 1733

• Georgia, final British colony, is established

• Only colony to get direct financial support from the government

• Gov. wanted buffer between Spanish Florida and South Carolina plantations

• Gov. wanted to send debtors here instead of overcrowded jails

A war by the name of two different names begins

• 1754

• French and Indian War

• The Seven Years’ War

Motives to settle in Americas for EVERYONE

• Spread Christianity

• Desire for wealth/land

• Escape persecution

Florida

• Juan Ponce de Leon claimed land for Spain in 1513

• Made a permanent settlement there; St. Augestine, in 1565

• Small because Spain didn’t kind much gold/silver and Natives kept dying of disease

John Cabot

• Explored Americas before British settled there

• He was Italian and commissioned by the British to explore

• Voyaged in 1497

Other Spanish Colonies

• New Mexico

• Arizona

• Texas

• California

Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay

• Pilgrims landed on Plymouth in 1620, founding first New England colony

• Puritans landed on Massachusetts Bay in 1630

Joint Stock Company

• A group of investors pulling together money to share financial risk

• If the company goes under, no one loses everything

English Colonial Culture

• Didn’t marry Native women

• Took Native’s land a lot more often

• Diverse (in European way)

• Lots of families

• Farmed a lot

Jamestown

• First British colony in the Americas (1607)

• Voyages funded by a joint - stock company

• The British settlers wanted MONEY (in form of gold/silver)

• John Roulfe discovered tobacco in 1612 - this gave them a way to trade for money/food so they didn’t die of starvation

• Problem with tobacco was they needed land they didn’t have, so they took from Natives, who attacked them

• Corporate colony

Bacon’s Rebellion/Chesapeake Revolution

• In Jamestown

• 1675

• Farmers were mad Governer Berkely wasn’t helping them with fights against Natives (they were small farmers, and he favored large planters)

• Nathaniel Bacon led rebellion against governor - they massacred Native Americans

• Bacon also fought government and won, but died of dysentery

• The rebellion collapsed

Aftermath of Bacon’s Rebellion

• It was mostly indentured servants who rebelled, so British started looking for another source of labor (later enslaved Africans instead)

• This increased tensions between Natives and colonists

• Highlighted class differences between wealthy and poor landless

• Factor that led to the first Great Awakening

New England Colonies

• Settled by Pilgrims in 1620s - lot of Puritan settlers

• They DID NOT come to the US for solely religious freedom

• Had a hard time making a living in urban England as farmers

• Came in family groups for economic reasons - not to get rich, just to make a society

British West Indies and Southern Atlantic Coast

• British made first Caribbean colonies in 1620s

• Tobacco - primary cash crop

• 1630s - sugarcane was started

• By the 1660s, the majority of the region was Black

• Slave codes were made because white owners got nervous about rebellions

Middle Colonies

• New York and New Jersey were near water - became export colonies

• Social Structure

  • Merchants

  • Shopkeepers

  • Unskilled workers/widows/orphans/unemployed

  • Enslaved Africans

• Elite merchants ran gov, while in southern colonies, elite planters ran the gov

• Diverse group of Euro. immigrants, tolerant towards religion, and ports

Pennsylvania

• Founded by William Penn (a Quaker)

• It had religious freedom for all and they negotiated with Natives

British Colonial Governments

• Democratic systems

• Hard for Britain to watch over them, so they did whatever

• House of Burgesses

  • 1619, Virginia

  • Could collect/levy taxes, pass laws, and was first congress

• Mayflower Compact

  • Signed on Mayflower in 1620

  • First official US document

Triangular Trade

• Africa to North America - enslaved Africans

• North America to Europe - raw materials

• Europe to Africa - manufactured goods

It was an exchange of food, people, and products across Africa, North America, and Europe

Mercantilism

• Assumed there was a fixed amount of wealth in the world (they based wealth on amount of gold and silver)

• Everyone wanted the most wealth and to have more exports than imports

Navigation Acts

• Required merchants to trade with English colonies on English ships

• Valuable items taxed in special British ports

• Meant to be sure Britain had max. income

• Colonists were mad they had to pay more taxes and couldn’t make own goods, which increased tensions with England

Consumer Revolution

• Rich families bought more goods

• Before this, status was dependent on who your family was

• Now it was about how rich you were

Three types of British colonies

• Corporate colonies operated by joint - stock companies

• Royal colonies, like Virgina (was formerly Jamestown, but was bankrupt, so became first royal colony, Virginia) were under direct rule of the king

• Proprietary colonies like Maryland and Pennsylvania were under people who the king said could be in charge

Virginia Company

• A joint - stock company that funded Jamestown in 1607

Jamestown Struggles

• Disease

• Fights with Natives

• Starvation

Puritans vs. Pilgrims

• Pilgrims were separatists who wanted to break away from the British gov.

• Puritans believed that the Church of England could be reformed

• In the 1630s, 15k Puritans came to Americas in the Great Migration

• As years went on, Puritan practices weakened in New England colonies so more people joined

Religious issues in Maryland

• In 1632, Maryland was made off of Virginia

• Cecil Calvert wanted this colony to be a safe haven for Catholics

• He made the Act of Toleration, which said all Christians had religious freedom, but anyone who said Jesus wasn’t God was put to death

• Acts of Toleration later went away

Rhode Island

• Tolerated diverse beliefs

• Nice to Natives - paid them for land

Connecticut

• The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut was first written constitution IN THE COLONIES in 1639

• It made an elected legislature and a governor chosen by legislature

Restoration Colonies

• Late 1600s after monarchy was reinstated in England

• Out of this, the Carolinas were created

Spain in the Colonies

• Made caste system

• Made Santa Fe capital of New Mexico in 1610, which is where the Pueblo Revolt took place

• Pueblo revolt in 1680

Spain vs. Britain

• Spain settles in places with huge Native populations that they enslaved while Britain didn’t settle near cities/places with a lot of Natives

• British came over in family groups and didn’t want to marry Natives (the Spanish and French married Natives)

• Spanish enslaved Natives, but British kicked them off their land

Metacom’s War/King Philips’ War

• Was in 1675

• Metacom was the chief of the Wampanoag and wanted British off his land

• Attacked British, but the Mohawk, a tribe that was allies with the British, killed Metacom

• Rebellion was squashed and ended most Native resistance in New England

Important things about Natives and Europeans

• Natives chose to align themselves with different Europeans or left their land - just trying to survive according to what each tribe decided

• Natives weren’t unified, so Europe didn’t have to fight big groups of them at once

• Europeans didn’t see Natives as equal

Indentured Servants

• Colonies didn’t want indentured servants because they were afraid of rebellion, and needed more agricultural products, and there was a shortage of indentured servants

Slavery in different colonies

• More slavery the further south you went - West Indies had most slaves but New England had least because of small farms

• Slaves worked at ports in major cities

• Many slaves at Southern plantations

• House slaves in Middle Colonies

Chattel Slavery

• Slaves were seen and treated like property

Slave laws

• Legally defined Africans as chattel

• Slave Trade Act: tried to limit number of slaves on ships, but didn’t work (1788)

• Slavery made institution that was passed down

• In late 1600s, Virginians could kill slaves for defying orders

• In 1680, black people couldn’t own weapons or leave plantation without permission

• Made because of high slave population in West Indies

Covert Resistance

• Practiced customs from homeland

• Spoke Native language and kept religious beliefs

Overt Resistance

• Physical rebellions

• Owners cared a lot more about this because slaves outnumbered them in a lot of cases

Stono Rebellion

• 1739, South Carolina

• Slaves stole weapons and killed shop owners

• Walked next to Stono river, burning plantations and killing white people

• Killed by white militia

What Stono Rebellion proved

• Slaves hated slavery

• Plantation owners told others and themselves they were helping slaves

Salutary Neglect

• England didn’t enforce navigation acts

• Atlantic Ocean separated colonies and motherland

• England had bigger problems - a lot of war

• Regulation of trade would be a fundamental problem between colonists and England

New England Confederation

• From 1643 - 1684, four New England colonies came together for mutual protection

• Made up of board of 2 representatives from each colony

• Set precedent of colonies taking action for a common purpose

Enlightenment

• Movement in Europe that emphasized free thinking over religion

• Took hold in colonies

• 1600s and 1700s

John Locke

• Wrote two treatises on gov.

• Talked about natural rights

  • All humans have rights because they are human

  • Life, liberty, etc.

• These ideas would later make colonists want a revolution

Social Contract

• The people let the government rule

• The government would respect the natural rights of the people

• Rousseau

• People could get rid of bad government

Great Awakening

• Because of enlightenment, people trusted more in science than the Bible

• The New Light Clergy didn’t like this

• Don’t have to blindly follow authority, you can think for yourself

• Week 1 APUSH notes

• They emphasized heart over head - pietism - and that God doesn’t love you more or less based on how rich you are

• They also talked about a loving God, not an angry one

• Taught people to challenge authority and would later lead to the revolution

Jonathan Edwards

• Preached that the only way to be saved was to repent, but if you ignored God’s commands, you were going to hell

George Whitfield

• Traveled the colonial US preaching everywhere

• Said that anyone could study God’s word

• Flip the “w” upside down and remember he did methodist

Main ideas about Enlightenment/Awakening

• Enlightenment thinkers awakened colonists to ideas about liberty and rights, and democratic government

• Awakening created a nationwide movement that bound Amercian society together

• Americas were gradually becoming more angelized (british) - mainly spoke English, traded with Britain, etc.

Impressment

• Seizing men and making them be in the British navy

• In 1747, Britain was fighting King George’s war

• King ordered impressment of colonial men

• Colonists didn’t like this and rioted for three days

• Colonists were becoming more aware of their natural rights and rebelling against violations

Immigration in Colonial Times

• From Ireland, Scotland, England, and many other countries

• Many were fleeing religious persecution and wars

• Others wanted economic opportunities

Structure of Colonial Society

• Religious toleration to varying degrees

• No hereditary aristocracy - no nobles high above the masses of poor

• Social mobility - acquired land easy

• Family was center of colonial life

• Britian traded with colonies A LOT

Colonial Society

• Free speech and press

• Religious tolerance

• An elected government supported by the people