WEEK 3: DATA PRESENTATION

What are three types of data presentation?

1. Textual

2. Tabular

3. Graphical

The purpose of this is to:

• Communicate information about the data to the user

• Displays the data clearly and effectively

• Summarizes the quantities of information

Purposes of Data Presentation

The characteristic of this is to:

• Display data

• Avoid distortion of data

• Allow the viewer to make comparisons

• Allow the reader to think what the data conveys

• Allows description, exploration, tabulation, or decoration

• Be closely related to the statistical and verbal description of the data set

Characteristics of Data Presentation

• Describing the data by the use of statements with few numbers

• Presented in paragraphs or sentences

• Explain results and trends

• Provide contextual information

Textual Presentation

The purpose of this type of data presentation is to stress or emphasize significant information

Textual Presentation

The advantages of using this type of data presentation are:

• Give emphasis to significant data

• Use for a few data (1-2)

The disadvantages of using this type of data presentation are:

• Data becomes incomprehensible when large quantitative data are included in the paragraph

• Paragraph including many figures can be tiresome to read

Textual Presentation

• This type of data presentation is for 3 or more data

• Data is converted into words or numbers into rows and columns

• It should be simple, clear, and direct

Tabular Presentation

The purpose for this type of data presentation are:

• Data checking and editing

• Summarizing and presenting data

• Basis, aid in graph or chart construction

Purposes of Tabular Presentation

Components of this should be:

• Table number

• Title

• Column headings/caption

• Body of the table

• Row headings

• Source note

• Foot note

Tabular Presentation

What are the types of tabular presentation?

1. Master table

2. Dummy table

3. Tables by number of variables presented

This type of tabular presentation is:

• All variables are put in this table only

• Single table that allows the distribution of observations across many variables of interest in a given study

• Each observation is cross classified across the variables which may be quanti or quali data

Master Table

The purpose of this type of tabular presentation is to:

• Store information with an aim od presenting detailed statistical data

• Facilitate generation and tabulation of smaller table

Master Table

This type of tabular presentation is:

• Done before research implementation and experimentation

• Will give us a preview of what data should be collected and what output to get

• Complete except for the data

Dummy Table

The purpose of this type of tabular presentation is to:

• Helps researcher clarify instrument

• Help protocol reviewer and computer programmer

Dummy Table

What are the 3 types of tables by number of variables presented?

1. One-way Table

2. Two-way Table

3. Multi-way Table

This type of tabular presentation of tables by number of variables presented is only used for 1 variable

One-way Table

This type of tabular presentation of tables by number of variables presented is only used for 2 variables

Two-way Table

This type of tabular presentation of tables by number of variables presented is only used for 3 or more variables

Multi-way Table

The advantages of using this type of data presentation are:

• Easy to understand

• Compact and concise than textual form

• Presents greater detail of data than graph

• Readily points out trends, comparisons, and interrelations

• Facilitates analysis of categories of given variable

The disadvantages of using this type of data presentation are:

• Too many rows and columns could make it difficult for the reader to understand the data

• Requires more time to construct

Tabular Presentation

This type of data presentation is:

• Pictorial representations of certain quantities plotted with reference to a set of axes (x and y)

• Simplify complex information by using images and emphasizing data patters or trends

• Useful for summarizing, explaining, or exploring quanti data

• Present both large and small amounts of data

Graphical Presentation

The uses of this type of data presentation are:

• Visually summarize the variables (data set is large)

• Emphasize particular statement about data set

• Enhance readability

• Appeal the visual memory

Graphical Presentation

What are the types of graphical presentation?

1. Pie Chart

2. Bar Graph

3. Component Bar Graph

4. Line Graph

5. Histogram

6. Frequency Polygon

7. Stem-and-leaf Plot

8. Box Plot

9. Scatter Plot

• Circles are subdivided into number of slices

• Area of each slice represents relative proportion data

• Use to show a whole is divided into its component parts

Pie Chart

Pie Chart

• Used for Discrete Quantitative data

• Consists of bars of the same width

• Horizontal or vertical with gaps between to emphasize discontinuities

• Also known as one dimensional diagram

• The height of the bars/rectangles is the quantity of variables

Bar Graph

What are the types of bar graph?

1. Horizontal Bar Graph

2. Vertical Bar Graph

3. Component Bar Graph

This type of bar graph is used for qualitative variables where the X-axis is the measure and the Y-axis is the category

Horizontal Bar Graph

This type of bar graph is used for discrete quantitative variables

Vertical Bar Graph

This type of bar graph is used for nominal qualitative data where each bar is divided into smaller rectangles representing the parts and is preferable over pie situations where the compositions of 2 or more groups are to be compared

Component Bar Graph

Component Bar Graph

• Used for predicting trends or looking at trends

• Plots of dots joined with lines over some period of time in a sequential series

• Also called as time series charts

• X-axis contains the date

• Y-axis contains the measure/value

Line Graph

• Similar to the bar graph but this has no gaps because it is used for continuous quantitative data

• Bars are drawn over the true limit of the classes

• Horizontal axis: continuous quantitative

• Vertical axis: number of relative frequencies

• Preferred for grouped interval data

Histogram

Histogram

• Similar to histogram except that frequencies are plotted against the corresponding midpoints of the classes

• Adjacent points are joined with lines and the plot is tied down to the horizontal axis resulting in a multi-sided polygon

Frequency Polygon

Frequency Polygon

• Used for discrete quantitative data

• Provides rank-ordered lists and its easier to restore the original value of the observation

• Line gives more information than bars in histogram

• Used to show the actual data value instead of using bars to represent the height of an interval

Stem-and-Leaf Plot

Stem-and-Leaf Plot

• Shows description of a large quantitative data that includes the center, spread, shape, tail length, and outlying data points

• Can be horizontal or vertical

• Height of the rectangle has no meaning

• Used for comparing the distributions of several variables or the distribution of a single variable in several groups on the same scale

Box Plot

Box Plot

• Shows the relationship between two quantitative variables

• Gives rough estimate of the type and degree of correlation between the variables

Scatter Plot

Scatter Plot

The advantages of using this type of data presentation are:

• Main feature and implications of the body of data can be grasped at a glance

• More attractive and appealing to a wider range of readers

• Simplifies concepts that would otherwise have been expressed in so many words

• Shows trends and aptterns of a large set of data

• Comparisons could be made more striking

• Can be readily clarify data

The disadvantages of using this type of data presentation are:

• Cannot show as many sets of facts

• Can require only show approximate results

• Require more time to construct

• May be used to misinterpret results

Graphical Presentation