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What components make up the cardiovascular system?

The cardiovascular (circulatory) system is composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Where is the heart located in the body?

The heart is located in the chest within the thoracic cavity (thorax), specifically in the mediastinum between the lungs. It lies to the left of the midline between the second and fifth intercostal space.

Define the Base and Apex of the heart.

• Base: The wide, superior (top) end of the heart that points toward the right shoulder.
• Apex: The narrow, inferior (bottom) end that points toward the left hip.

What is the primary function of the heart?

To pump blood through the blood vessels to all cells of the body.

Distinguish between the upper and lower chambers of the heart.

• Atria (singular: atrium): The two upper chambers that receive blood.
• Ventricles: The two lower chambers that pump blood.

What is the average blood volume in a healthy adult?

Approximately 5 to 6 liters.

What are the two main portions of blood composition?

1. Plasma: The liquid portion of blood (55\% of volume).
2. Formed Elements: The solid portion of blood (45\% of volume).

What is the composition of plasma?

Plasma is a clear, straw-colored fluid consisting of:

• 91\% Water
• 9\% Dissolved substances: Proteins, gases, hormones, clotting factors, and nutrients.

Identify the three types of Formed Elements in blood.

1. Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)
2. Leukocytes (White blood cells)
3. Thrombocytes (Platelets)

What are the four primary functions of blood?

1. Transport: Moves gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones.
2. Protection: Protects against infections.
3. Clotting: Forms clots to stop blood loss from injury.
4. Regulation: Regulates body temperature and helps maintain homeostasis.