Final Lab Exam

1. upper epidermis

2. palisade mesophyll

3. spongey mesophyll

4. lower epidermis

Layers in a leaf, top to bottom [4]

within spongey mesophyll

within the vascular bundles is xylem and phloem

structure of vascular bundles:

xerophyte

plants adapted for dry environment, lives in desert

adapted to prevent water loss

have crypts with epidermal hair

xerophyte adaptations

hydrophyte

plants adapted to grow in water

plant has to float.

has large chambers in spongey mesophyll that gives buoyancy

hydrophyte adaptation

parts of stem that are reall hard. has papery layer on the outside

describe corms

made up of leaves. e.g., onion, daffodil, tulip

describe bulbs an give three examples

same material throughout. spread by eyes

describe tubers

reproduces by throwing out clones of itself.

spider plant reproduction:

1. wind

2. water

3. animal

4. propulsion

how can fruits be dispersed? [4]

the loss of water due to evaporation from leaves and other aerial portions of the plant

define transpiration

Transpiration is also responsible for the upward movement of water through the xylem by exerting a pull from above on the continuous column of water within the xylem tubes extending from the roots to the leaves

besides water loss, transpiration is also responsible for what?

guard cells that protect the stoma

rate of transpiration is controlled how?

As water is lost from the leaf (via evaporation =transpiration) it will be replaced by water from the xylem which in turn will draw water up from the roots/pipette. If the potometer is operating correctly, you will see in the air bubble being drawn slowly up the pipette.

describe how a potometer works:

The amount of water drawn up through the pipette is equal to that lost via transpiration

how to measure water lost with potometer

Artery brings warm blood down, deep vein brings cold blood back. If the body  is too warm, it doesn’t go back through heat vein. Goes through surface vein to cool body down.

describe countercurrent exchange in the arm:

seeds

fruit

the products of sexual reproduction in flowering plants

Label this flower

place a piece of rubber tubing and a 2.0 mL pipette in a container ofwater and force all air out of them.

Place the stem of a plant cutting in the water and recut the
stem underwater (this will remove any air bubbles which may have entered and blocked the vascular system of the plant).

Force the rubber tubing over the cut end of the stem and place this on the retort stand with the end of the pipette in a petri dish of water.

how to set up potometer: [3]

radial

Hydra symmetry

tissue level

hydra level of organization

hydrostatic skeleton

hydra support:

Aquatic (freshwater)

hydra habitat:

diffusion across epidermis and gastrodermis

Hydra gas exchange:

diffusion and fluid in gastrovascular cavity

hydra internal transport (circulation)

diffusion from cells to exterior or into fluid of GVC

product: ammonia

Hydra excretion and product:

Organ

Earthworm level of organization

bilateral

worm symmetry

alternating contraction of circular and longitudinal msuscles of body wall. muscles contract against the fluid in the colon.

worm support and movement

feeds on organic matter in soil

food is processed in digestive tract

worm feeding and digestion

terrestrial (soil)

worm habitat

diffusion against necessarily damp epidermis

worm gas exchange

closed circulatory system

worm internal transport (circulatory)

nephridia

urea or urine

worm excretion and product

bilateral

crayfish symmetry

organ system

crayfish organization

exoskeleton

jointed appendages

crayfish support and movement

mouth and stomach

crayfish feeding and digestion

aquatic (Freshwater)

crayfish habitat

respiration through gills

crayfish gas exchange

closed circulatory system

crayfish internal transport

green glands

product: ammonia

crayfish excretion

aquatic (freshwater)

Perch habitat:

organ system

perch organization

bilateral

perch symmetry

feeds on immature insects, larger bottom living invertebrates, and juveniles of other species of fish.

perch feeding and digestion

fish.

label the caudal fin, anal fin, two dorsal fins, paired pectoral fins, and paired pelvic fins of a yellow perch

countercurrent exchange of O2 and CO2 via gills

perch gas exchange

internal skeleton

muscles are v-shaped and repeat the whole length if the fish.

perch support and movement

lateral line

line going down back of perch

operculum

flap that covers the gills

1. enters sinus veinosus

2. goes to atrium

3. goes to ventricle

4. enters bulbus arteriosis

5. exits through ventral aorta

dogfish circulation in order: [1-5]

2

how many chambers in perch heart

1. outer: cortex

2. inner: medulla

inner and outer parts of pig kidney

ventral

if rat is belly UP (lying on its back) position is:

dorsal

if rat is backside UP (lying on its stomach) position is:

one lung is visible, other is in behind the heart

where are rat lungs once you cut it open:

cecum

large pouch at end of rat large intestine

Bowman’s capsules

large white circles in cross-section of pig kidney when under microscope

glomeruli

dark spots within bowman’s capsules:

maseters

muscles in rat cheeks

pectoralis

muscles in rat chest

liver

largest rat organ

kidneys

remove stomach and liver and see these organs underneath

3: two atria, one ventricle

how many chambers in frog heart?

four

how many chambers in mammal heart?