Bio 301 Exam 3

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What is CODIS

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76 Terms

1

What is CODIS

Combined DNA indexing system; a panel of 13 markers that are highly variable

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2

What is Genetics

the study of the entire sequence of an organism or cell

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3

What is Genomics

the study if heredity and the variability of inherited traits

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4

What is Linkage

when two genes are close enough on the same chromosome that alleles travel together

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5

What is a Centimorgan/Map Unit

the distance between chromosome positions for which the expected average number of intervening chromosomal crossovers in a single generation is 0.01

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6

What is the Human Genome project

complete list of expressed and non expressed genes

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7

What is Bioinformatics

a field emerged to handles the large amounts of data collected from genomics

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8

Maryland vs King final court ruling

2013 Supreme Court upheld legality of using DNA at the time of arrest as a means of identification

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9

State vs Raynor

the Maryland high court upheld warrant less DNA collection from someone who hadn’t even been arrested for a crime

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10

What is California’s DNA Act

collecting DNA at arrest “unreasonably intrudes such arrestees expectation of privacy”

and therefore violates the search and seizure provision of the California Constitution, California’s equivalent to the 4th amendment

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11

Why are fragment cloning methods being replaced by Next Generation Sequencing

Billions of DNA strands can be sequenced at the same time which yields more throughput

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12

What can next generation sequencing do with new genomes and bioinformatics

Next Generation Sequencing can sequence new genomes and use informatics to piece it together

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13

What is the price of Next Generation Sequencing

$2500-$10000

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14

What is personal genomics

the sequencing and analysis of the genome of an individual

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15

What is Personal Genomics based off

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

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16

What kind of sequencing can Personal Genomics be

Partial Sequencing or Full Sequencing

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17

What is 23 and Me and how much is it

Genetics testing website that is based on a panel of SNPs that are associated with disease risk or protection services cost $99 to $199

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18

What are the Pros of using 23 and Me

People should have the right to their own genetic information

A person can get SNPs done for genealogy and then go back on their own to compare disease risk

People can do this without their insurance company being involved

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19

What are the Cons of using 23 and Me

People may make life altering choices based on risks that are not substantiated

This is a medical test that is offered without a medical license, testing lab regulation or without genetic counseling

if minors are being test the problems arises whether the parents will make decisions for their minors

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20

What is predictive medicine

assessing whether treatments are right for an individual patient based on their genetic profile

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21

What does Predictive Medicine use to analyze drug interactions with genotypes and what does it help doctors with

Pharmacogenetics, which helps doctors select the best drugs or avoid possible side effects

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22

What is DeCODE

an example of predictive medicine that was founded by Kari Stefansson in 1996

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23

What did DeCODE do

Performing genotyping on a panel of SNPs and identifying the risk for a disorder, genetic ancestry and compare genome data with others

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24

What is DeCODEs acheivements

identified some of the first genes found for schizophrenia, cardiovascular disease and cancer

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25

What is biotechnology

A scientific process that uses recombinant DNA is inserting a new sequence or gene into an organism

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26

What is Hemophilia

X linked recessive disorder

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27

What is the danger of a growth hormone used to treat short stature

getting an infection like prion disease

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28

What are Recombinant hCG preparations benefits

No contamination with viruses

unlimited supply

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29

What is the difference between Insulin lispro and Insuline glargine

Insulin lispro is fast acting and taken at meal times

Insulin glargine is taken once daily and long acting

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30

What is Enbrel used for and how does it work

Used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile idiopathic (immune system attacks joints and tendons)

Engineerded to block TNF

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31

What year was Transgenic Crops introduced and what makes them safe

1996, considered safe if proteins produced

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32

What is BT corn express from what bacteria how does this repel insects

expresses protein from the bacteria bacillus thurgiensis, which is poisonous to insects

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33

How is soil affected by Round Up, how are plants protected

Absorbs to soil and does not go deep degraded by soil microbes, Round up resistant crops are genetically engineered so only the weeds are killed

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34

What is an Oncomouse and what is its effect on Mice

carries an activated oncogene that takes control of the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter

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35

What are Single Gene Disorders

A disorder that can only be acquired through genetic mutation and where there is only ONE gene known that can account for that disorder

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36

What is Dominant Inheritance

Refers to single gene disorders where one variant of a gene can give you the trait

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37

What is a recessive trait

When two mutant copies of a gene give one a trait associated with a single gene disorder

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38

What are complex genetic traits

conditions or traits that are caused by multiple genes or combinations of genes and environment interactions height is a prime example of a complex trait

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39

What is Genetic Heterogeneity

A phenomenon in which a single phenotype or genetic disorder may be caused by any one of a multiple number of alleles or non allele mutations

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40

What are Family Studies

Genetic examination of a trait in families the closer the relationship between two individuals the more genes they share which should increase the rate of a disorder occurring in family members compared to the rest of the population

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41

What is STRP

(Small Tandem Repeat Markers) flank the gene in repeated sequences that can be used for linkage or association with genetic disorders

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42

What is Autism, what geneder does it affect more, what are some things people with Autism can exhibit

Neurodevelopmental disorder with 2 domains of cognitive impairment social/communication deficits and stereotypic behaviors; affects males more; individuals may lack sympathy/empathy with others and engage in repetitive or abnormal behaviors

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43

What is ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Comprised of 3 types of attention deficit issues predominantly inattentive, hyperactive and a combined type persuasive disorder that is hypothesized to be an inability to inhibit or delay motor responses due to prefrontal-striatal dysfunction

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44

What are Copy Number Variations

Sections of the genome are repeated some number of times this number of section repeats varies between each individual making it a unique marker that can be studied

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45

What is a Polygenic Trait

When one characteristic is controlled by 2 or more genes

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46

What is Usher Syndrome

Autosomal recessive disorder causes simultaneous deafness and blindness

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47

What is a Multifactorial Trait

Common medical problems

Effects of multiple gene combinations as well as lifestyle and environmental factors

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48

What are Mental Health Disorders

both genetic and environmental factors are most common

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49

What is the Sir Pair approach

Only need the parents and two more affected children/need several hundred families at once

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50

How does cancer occur, what does it do to healthy tissue

Cancer occurs when cells grow without restriction, destroying healthy tissue and outcompeting it for nutrients and blood supply

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51

How does cancer start and how is division sustained

Begins with one cell that reproduces by mitosis then gets gene disruptions making it more likely to divide cells loose the ability to prevent mitosis

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52

What is metastasis

when cancer becomes invasive and moves to other sites

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53

What are Benign growths, does it move?

Overgrown tissue that are localized

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54

Are cancerous growths capable of spreading?

Cancer growths are overgrown and have the potential to spread through the body

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55

What determines how far a cancer has spread

The Grade of Cancer

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56

How does Cancer spread and what clues hint to the method of spreading

Cancer is a genetic disease, can run in families, as age passes one has higher chances of cancer

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57

Why do older people have higher chances of cancer

the older one gets the more chances for random gene mutation to accumulate in a cell pushing it to metastasis

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58

Does the Morphology of a cell become altered?

Yes

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59

What is the Cell Cycle

A series of stages that take place in a cell that leads to duplication of its DNA and chromosomes and division of the cell body to make daughter cells

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60

What are the Cell Cycle Checkpoints

G1- Integrity of DNA is assessed

G2 - Check if DNA was duplicated correctly

M - Did spindle fibers attach to kinetochore or centromere

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61

What does the Cell Checkpoints achieve?

Biochemical signaling ensures DNA is stable to duplicate, that it went well and division of the cell body created two daughter cells

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62

What happen if checkpoints become broken?

Abnormal growth

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63

What genes code for proteins that keep the cell cycle in check

Tumor suppressor genes

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64

What molecule makes a signal that drive cell division

Mutated Proto-oncogenes provide signal that drive cell division

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65

How many Strains are there of Human Papilloma Virus and how many can pass through direct skin to skin contact

150, 40 skin to skin

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66

What are the most common HPVs in relation with Cervical Cancer

HPV 16 and 18

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67

what is the most common STD and what percentage of sexually active individuals get it

HPV, 80%

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68

What types of Cancer does HPV cause

Cervical Cancer, Penile Cancer, testicular cancer and oropharyngeal cancer

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69

How many years does it take from inital infection of HPV to tumor formation

10 - 20 years

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70

What vaccine is there for HPV and want percentage of cancers cant be prevented by vaccines

Gardasil vaccine, 30%

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71

What does the Gardasil vaccine reduce and at what ages and how many doses for optimal protection

Reduce Infection and Reduce risk of cancer at ages 11 to 12, 2 doses for protection

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72

What percentage of breast cancers have this gene amplified and how does that affect tumors

25%, HER2 Oncogenesis, Makes tumors Aggressive

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73

HER2 Oncogenesis is used for what other conditions

metastatic stomach or gastroesophageal cancers

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74

What genes account for Breast Cancer

BRCA 1/BRCA 2

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75

How is BRCA 1 identified

linkage studies to identify regions of the genome that passed on more frequently in familial breast cancers

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76

What is the genetic behavior of Breast cancer (recessive or dominant)

What is the risk of developing breast cancer by 70

Autosomal Dominant, 8 in 10 chance by age 70

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