MAN 336 Exam 3

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Trait theory of leadership

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Management

55 Terms

1

Trait theory of leadership

who? Identify common traits among successful leaders

  • intelligence, energy, honesty

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2

problems with trait theory

assumes leaders are born not made

limited predictive validity

researchers realized that the search for universal leadership traits was futile/useless

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3

behavioral theory of leadership

what? analyze the behaviors of what effective leaders ā€œdoā€

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4

task-oriented

productivity tends to be HIGHER

structing the roles of subordinates

providing them with clear instructions

outlining group and individual goals

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5

relationship-oriented

showing concern/empathy for employee feeling

personal interest in employee well-being

people are more satisfied and react more

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6

problems with behavioral theories

limited research supports that merely demonstrating these behaviors improves leaders effectiveness

neglected the role of the environment

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7

contingency theory of leadership

when? understand when certain behaviors work and when they donā€™t

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8

problems with contingency theory

better predictive validity but still low

too formulaic, leadership is not simple

missing an important part of leadership

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9

inspiration theory (contemporary)

why? understand why followers follow certain leaders

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10

five contemporary theories

transformational

leader-member exchange

servant

authentic

courage

learn all of these from Shackleton

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11

transformational leadership

inspire and excite followers to high levels of performance

aligning employee goals with leader goals; charisma

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12

servant leadership

self-sacrificing devotion to followers

employees first; focus on ethics, community development, self-sacrifice

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13

leader-member exchange

focus on building strong relationships with subordinates

trust-based relationship between a leader and follower

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14

authentic leadership

be who you are rather than who you think you should be; ā€œbe yourselfā€

requires understanding oneself

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15

courage

willingness to be vulnerable in the face of uncertainty and doubt

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16

Six leadership styles in leadership that gets results

Golemanā€™s leader styles

Coercive Style

Authoritative Style

Affiliative Style

Democratic Style

Pacesetting Style

Coaching Style

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17

coercive style

directive, command and control

damaging effect on reward systems

works best in a crisis

ā€œdo what i tell youā€ (-)

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18

Authoritative style

mobilizes people toward a vision

works best when changes require new vision

ā€œcome with meā€ (+)

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19

Affiliative style

creates harmony and builds emotional bonds

works best to heal rifts in a team

ā€œpeople come firstā€ (+)

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Democratic style

forges consensus through participation

collaboration

works best to build consensus

ā€œwhat do you think?ā€ (+)

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21

Pacesetting style

sets high standards and lead by example

works best to get quick results from a high motivated team

ā€œdo as I do, nowā€ (-)

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22

Coaching style

develops people for the future

works best to help an employee improve performance

ā€œtry thisā€ (+)

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23

which leadership characteristic is universal and which vary across cultures?

democratic is the universal style

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24

organizational culture

system of shared assumptions, values, and artifacts that show employees what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior

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25

Three levels of organizational culture

surface level is artifacts

second level is value

deepest level is assumptions

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26

assumptions

taken for granted and they reflect beliefs about human nature and reality

ā€œits why we hold those valuesā€ / ā€œits who we areā€

the reason why people believe the value

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values

shared principles. standards, and goals

guides to behavior

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artifacts

visible and tangible aspects of organizational culture

behavior, language, decor, attire

expression of values

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29

Disneyā€™s culture

artifacts: uniform

Value: language

Assumptions: happy place on earth

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30

Four ways cultures can be proactively maintained

Attraction-Selection-Attrition ASA

New employee onboarding

leadership

reward systems

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31

Attraction-Selection-Attrition

ASA: who is apart of the org

attraction: who is attracted to the job

selection: pick though fits in the companyā€™s culture

attrition: those who donā€™t fit in and leave company

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New boarding/ onboarding

induction and newbie

new employees learn the attitudes and skills

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leadership

role models / examples for others

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Reward systems

reward behaviors or results

rewards performance or seniority

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35

Disney culture maintenance

???

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36

org culture and org outcome

????

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37

organizational structure

defines how job tasks are formally divided, grouped, and coordinated

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38

functional structure

grouping jobs based on similarity in functions

HIGH span of control, centralization, task specialization

<p>grouping jobs based on similarity in functions</p><p>HIGH span of control, centralization, task specialization</p>
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39

when to use functional structure

stable environment

small number and similar products

small to medium size organizations

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advantages of functional

advantage

  • efficiency, quality

  • low cost

  • excellent coordination within function

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disadvantage of functional

Disadvantage

  • difficult to adapt; little innovation

  • poor coordination across function

  • slow decisions

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42

divisional structure

grouping of jobs based on the products, services, customers, or geographic locations product based

LOW span of control, centralization, task specialization

<p>grouping of jobs based on the <strong>products, </strong>services, customers, or geographic locations <strong>product based</strong></p><p>LOW span of control, centralization, task specialization</p>
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43

when to use divisional structure

unstable, uncertain environment

large size organization

goals of product specialization

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44

advantage of divisional

Advantage

  • innovation; adaptable

  • product/customer focus

  • high coordination between function

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45

disadvantage of divisional

Disadvantage

  • duplication of resources across divisions

  • less functional/ technical specialization

  • less top management control

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46

Matrix structure

cross a traditional functional structure with a product structure

<p>cross a traditional functional structure with a product structure </p>
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47

when to use matrix structure

dynamic, uncertain environments

large complex organizations

need to balance efficiency and innovation

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48

advantages of matrix

advantage

  • can achieve best of both worlds

  • allows responsiveness and innovation

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disadvantage of matrix

disadvantage

  • multiple lines of authority

  • can trigger conflicts between managers

  • requires coordination to reduce conflicts

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50

centralization

decision making is concentrated at higher levels in an organization

greater demands on CEO and higher level managers

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51

benefits and cost of centralization

leads to more efficient operations if company is stable

  • candidates are more likely to be attracted to decentralized organizations

enhances control but reduces innovation

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52

task specialization

extent to which jobs are narrowly focused

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53

benefits and costs of task specialization

improves quality but reduces coordination

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54

span of control

number of employees reporting to a single manager

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benefits and costs of span of control

high span is preferred when task complexity and task interdependence is low

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