APUSH Final Review

Flashcards covering key terms, amendments, court cases, and events from Period 6-9.

16th Amendment

Deals with income tax.

17th Amendment

Established direct election of senators.

18th Amendment

Prohibited alcohol (Prohibition).

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote (suffrage).

21st Amendment

Repealed the 18th Amendment (ended Prohibition).

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Established 'separate but equal' doctrine, legalizing segregation.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Ruled that 'separate educational facilities are inherently unequal,' overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Ruled school prayer unconstitutional.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Established that criminal suspects must be informed of their constitutional rights (Miranda rights).

Loving v. Virginia (1967)

Ruled laws prohibiting interracial marriage unconstitutional.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Guaranteed the right to legal counsel for all defendants, regardless of ability to pay.

California v. Bakke (1978)

Addressed affirmative action; race can be a factor in college admissions but quotas are unconstitutional.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Established a woman's right to an abortion under certain circumstances.

Buffalo Bill Cody

Showman known for his Wild West shows.

Sitting Bull

Lakota chief who led his people during years of resistance against United States government policies.

Andrew Carnegie

Industrialist who led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century; known for his philanthropy and "Gospel of Wealth".

John D. Rockefeller

Oil magnate who founded Standard Oil; known for his business practices and philanthropy.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Business magnate who built his wealth in railroads and shipping.

Boss Tweed

William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, the Democratic political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th-century New York City and State.

Thomas Nast

Political Cartoonist

Governor LaFollette

Robert "Fighting Bob" La Follette, Progressive politician who served as a U.S. Senator and Governor of Wisconsin.

Gifford Pinchot

First Chief of the United States Forest Service; advocated for conservation.

John Muir

Influential conservationist and advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States.

Samuel Gompers

Labor leader and founder of the American Federation of Labor (AFL).

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist leader and labor organizer

William Jennings Bryan

Politician, orator, and advocate for agrarian interests; three-time presidential candidate.

Booker T. Washington

Educator, author, and leader in the African American community; advocated for vocational education.

WEB DuBois

Civil rights activist, sociologist, and co-founder of the NAACP; advocated for full civil rights and higher education for African Americans.

Ida B. Wells

Journalist and activist who led an anti-lynching crusade.

Lewis Hine

Photographer who documented child labor conditions.

Jacob Riis

Photographer who documented slum conditions in New York City.

Jane Addams

Social worker, reformer, and founder of Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago.

Henry Ford

Industrialist who revolutionized the automobile industry with mass production techniques.

Langston Hughes

Prominent poet, novelist, and playwright of the Harlem Renaissance.

Louie Armstrong

Influential jazz trumpeter and singer.

Admiral Alfred Mahan

Naval strategist who advocated for sea power and its influence on national policy.

Teddy Roosevelt

26th President of the United States; known for his conservation efforts, trust-busting, and "Big Stick Diplomacy".

Clarence Darrow

Famoustrial lawyer and leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union.

*Franklin Delano Roosevelt

32nd President of the United States; implemented the New Deal programs in response to the Great Depression.

John F. Kennedy

35th President of the United States; navigated the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Leader in the Civil Rights Movement; advocated for nonviolent civil disobedience.

John Lewis

Leader in the Civil Rights Movement and U.S. Representative.

Malcolm X

Civil rights activist who advocated for Black empowerment and separatism.

Little Rock 9

Group of nine African American students who desegregated Little Rock Central High School in 1957.

Emmett Till

African American teen whose murder in 1955 sparked outrage and fueled the Civil Rights Movement.

Rosa Parks

Civil rights activist whose refusal to give up her bus seat sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Stokely Carmichael

Civil rights activist who popularized the term "Black Power".

Turner Thesis

Argument that the American frontier shaped national character and promoted democracy.

A Century of Dishonor

Book by Helen Hunt Jackson detailing injustices against Native Americans.

Gospel of Wealth

Essay written by Andrew Carnegie promoting philanthropy by the wealthy.

The Jungle

Novel by Upton Sinclair exposing unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.

Silent Spring

Book by Rachel Carson exposing the harmful effects of pesticides on the environment.

The Feminine Mystique

Book by Betty Friedan sparking second-wave feminism.

Ghost Dance

Religious movement among Native Americans that sought to revitalize traditional culture and resist white expansion.

Wounded Knee Massacre

Massacre of Lakota Native Americans by U.S. Army troops in 1890.

Vertical Integration

Situation where a firm owns all the various processes that go into producing a product.

Horizontal Consolidation

the process of increasing a company's control over other producers of the same good or service

Haymarket Square Riot

Labor protest in Chicago that turned violent after a bomb exploded.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Law that attempted to prevent monopolies and promote competition.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Foreign policy of Theodore Roosevelt, emphasizing military strength and assertiveness.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized and exaggerated news reporting.

Social Darwinism

The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Deadly fire in New York City that highlighted unsafe working conditions.

Anti-Imperialist League

Organization that opposed American imperialism and the annexation of territories.

New Deal

Series of programs and reforms enacted by Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression.

Pearl Harbor

Surprise attack by the Japanese on the US naval base in Hawaii, leading to US entry into World War II.

Manhattan Project

Secret project to develop the atomic bomb during World War II.

McCarthyism

Anti-communist movement led by Senator Joseph McCarthy characterized by accusations and blacklisting.

Sputnik

First artificial satellite launched into space by the Soviet Union, triggering the space race.

Great Society

Series of domestic programs launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson to eliminate poverty and racial injustice.

Blank Check

Congressional resolution authorizing President Lyndon B. Johnson to take any measures necessary to repel attacks against the United States forces in Vietnam.

Stonewall Riots

Series of demonstrations by members of the LGBTQ+ community in response to a police raid in New York City.

Vietnamization

Policy of gradually withdrawing U.S. troops from Vietnam and transferring responsibility to the South Vietnamese government.

Watergate

Political scandal involving abuse of power and obstruction of justice by the Nixon administration.

OPEC Oil Embargo

Oil embargo by OPEC nations against the United States in response to its support of Israel.

Equal Rights Amendment

Proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex.

Phyllis Schlafly

Political activist who opposed the Equal Rights Amendment.

Iran Hostage Crisis

Diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States in which American diplomats were held hostage.

Reaganomics

Economic policies of President Ronald Reagan, characterized by tax cuts and deregulation.

Berlin Wall

Barrier separating East and West Berlin during the Cold War; its fall symbolized the end of the Cold War.

SALT

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks; negotiations between the United States and Soviet Union to limit nuclear weapons.