APUSH Final Review

APUSH Final Review

• The APUSH final requires students to refresh their knowledge from periods 6-9.

• Focus should be on amendments, court cases, key people/events, and images shaping the 20th century.

• The exam consists of multiple-choice, matching questions, and brief photo/political cartoon descriptions (approximately 70 questions).

Amendments

• 16th Amendment: Allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census.

• 17th Amendment: Established the direct election of United States Senators by popular vote.

• 18th Amendment: Established prohibition of alcohol.

• 19th Amendment: Granted women the right to vote.

• 21st Amendment: Repealed the 18th Amendment, ending prohibition.

Court Cases

• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine.

• Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Ruled state-sponsored segregation in public schools as unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.

• Engel v. Vitale (1962): Ruled that mandatory prayer in public schools is unconstitutional.

• Miranda v. Arizona (1966): Established that criminal suspects must be informed of their constitutional rights, including the right to an attorney and against self-incrimination, before interrogation.

• Loving v. Virginia (1967): Declared laws prohibiting interracial marriage unconstitutional.

• Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Established that states must provide legal counsel to indigent defendants in criminal cases.

• California v. Bakke (1978): Addressed affirmative action programs; ruled that while race could be a factor in college admissions, quota systems were unconstitutional.

• Roe v. Wade (1973): Established a woman's constitutional right to an abortion.

People

• Buffalo Bill Cody: Showman known for his Wild West shows.

• Sitting Bull: Lakota chief who led his people during years of resistance against United States government policies.

• Andrew Carnegie: Industrialist who led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century; known for his philanthropy and "Gospel of Wealth".

• John D. Rockefeller: Oil magnate who founded Standard Oil; known for his business practices and philanthropy.

• Cornelius Vanderbilt: Business magnate who built his wealth in railroads and shipping.

• Boss Tweed: William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, the Democratic political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th-century New York City and State.

• Thomas Nast: Political Cartoonist, famous for his cartoons about Boss Tweed.

• Governor LaFollette: Robert "Fighting Bob" La Follette, Progressive politician who served as a U.S. Senator and Governor of Wisconsin.

• Gifford Pinchot: First Chief of the United States Forest Service; advocated for conservation.

• John Muir: Influential conservationist and advocate for the preservation of wilderness in the United States.

• Samuel Gompers: Labor leader and founder of the American Federation of Labor (AFL).

• Eugene V. Debs: Socialist leader and labor organizer.

• William Jennings Bryan: Politician, orator, and advocate for agrarian interests; three-time presidential candidate.

• Booker T. Washington: Educator, author, and leader in the African American community; advocated for vocational education.

• WEB DuBois: Civil rights activist, sociologist, and co-founder of the NAACP; advocated for full civil rights and higher education for African Americans.

• Ida B. Wells: Journalist and activist who led an anti-lynching crusade.

• Lewis Hine: Photographer who documented child labor conditions.

• Jacob Riis: Photographer who documented slum conditions in New York City.

• Jane Addams: Social worker, reformer, and founder of Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago.

• Henry Ford: Industrialist who revolutionized the automobile industry with mass production techniques.

• Langston Hughes: Prominent poet, novelist, and playwright of the Harlem Renaissance.

• Louie Armstrong: Influential jazz trumpeter and singer.

• Admiral Alfred Mahan: Naval strategist who advocated for sea power and its influence on national policy.

• Teddy Roosevelt: 26th President of the United States; known for his conservation efforts, trust-busting, and "Big Stick Diplomacy".

• Clarence Darrow: Famoustrial lawyer and leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union.
  *Franklin Delano Roosevelt: 32nd President of the United States; implemented the New Deal programs in response to the Great Depression.

• John F. Kennedy: 35th President of the United States; navigated the Cuban Missile Crisis.

• Martin Luther King, Jr.: Leader in the Civil Rights Movement; advocated for nonviolent civil disobedience.

• John Lewis: Leader in the Civil Rights Movement and U.S. Representative.

• Malcolm X: Civil rights activist who advocated for Black empowerment and separatism.

• Little Rock 9: Group of nine African American students who desegregated Little Rock Central High School in 1957.

• Emmett Till: African American teen whose murder in 1955 sparked outrage and fueled the Civil Rights Movement.

• Rosa Parks: Civil rights activist whose refusal to give up her bus seat sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

• Stokely Carmichael: Civil rights activist who popularized the term "Black Power".

Key Concepts and Events

• Turner Thesis: Argument that the American frontier shaped national character and promoted democracy.

• A Century of Dishonor: Book by Helen Hunt Jackson detailing injustices against Native Americans.

• Gospel of Wealth: Essay written by Andrew Carnegie promoting philanthropy by the wealthy.

• The Jungle: Novel by Upton Sinclair exposing unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry.

• Silent Spring: Book by Rachel Carson exposing the harmful effects of pesticides on the environment.

• The Feminine Mystique: Book by Betty Friedan sparking second-wave feminism.

• Ghost Dance: Religious movement among Native Americans that sought to revitalize traditional culture and resist white expansion.

• Wounded Knee Massacre: Massacre of Lakota Native Americans by U.S. Army troops in 1890.

• Vertical Integration: Situation where a firm owns all the various processes that go into producing a product.

• Horizontal Consolidation: the process of increasing a company's control over other producers of the same good or service

• Haymarket Square Riot: Labor protest in Chicago that turned violent after a bomb exploded.

• Sherman Anti-Trust Act: Law that attempted to prevent monopolies and promote competition.

• Big Stick Diplomacy: Foreign policy of Theodore Roosevelt, emphasizing military strength and assertiveness.

• Yellow Journalism: Sensationalized and exaggerated news reporting.

• Social Darwinism: The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.

• Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire: Deadly fire in New York City that highlighted unsafe working conditions.

• Anti-Imperialist League: Organization that opposed American imperialism and the annexation of territories.

• New Deal: Series of programs and reforms enacted by Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression.

• Pearl Harbor: Surprise attack by the Japanese on the US naval base in Hawaii, leading to US entry into World War II.

• Manhattan Project: Secret project to develop the atomic bomb during World War II.

• McCarthyism: Anti-communist movement led by Senator Joseph McCarthy characterized by accusations and blacklisting.

• Sputnik: First artificial satellite launched into space by the Soviet Union, triggering the space race.

• Great Society: Series of domestic programs launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson to eliminate poverty and racial injustice.

• Blank Check: Congressional resolution authorizing President Lyndon B. Johnson to take any measures necessary to repel attacks against the United States forces in Vietnam.

• Stonewall Riots: Series of demonstrations by members of the LGBTQ+ community in response to a police raid in New York City.

• Vietnamization: Policy of gradually withdrawing U.S. troops from Vietnam and transferring responsibility to the South Vietnamese government.

• Watergate: Political scandal involving abuse of power and obstruction of justice by the Nixon administration.

• OPEC Oil Embargo: Oil embargo by OPEC nations against the United States in response to its support of Israel.

• Equal Rights Amendment: Proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex.

• Phyllis Schlafly: Political activist who opposed the Equal Rights Amendment.

• Iran Hostage Crisis: Diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States in which American diplomats were held hostage.

• Reaganomics: Economic policies of President Ronald Reagan, characterized by tax cuts and deregulation.

• Berlin Wall: Barrier separating East and West Berlin during the Cold War; its fall symbolized the end of the Cold War.

• SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks; negotiations between the United States and Soviet Union to limit nuclear weapons.

Visuals and Depictions

• Images depict various trusts (paper bag, sugar, steel, copper, oil, beam and nail) as monopolistic entities exploiting workers and controlling the Senate.

• Political cartoons illustrate themes of imperialism, comparing the US to a world constable and depicting its expansionist policies.

• There's an image of Rosie the Riveter that represents women's role in the workforce during World War II.

• Cartoons on the Truman Doctrine highlight the new American foreign policy and deepening suspicions.

• Images reflect social issues such as segregated waiting rooms and anti-war sentiments.