pooping (apush chap 31)

NIXON PARDONED

• Ford sought to establish himself as political integrity 

• Pardoned NIxon for crimes committed during presidency 

  • Many saw this as a secret deal with Nixon → major popularity decline

FORD’S DIPLOMATIC SUCCESSES

• Ford called for voluntary efforts and rejected iceas of wage and price controls  → major recessions and inflation

• Ford met with Sovet premier and signed an arms contorrl accord to make SALT II guidelines

• Kissinger aided in producing new accord so Israel gave up land from Sinai to Egypt

• Ford faced challenged form Ronald Ragon → conservative Republican

  • Spoke for dissatisfaction with communism 

  • Carter won against Ford

CARTER’S LACK OF DIRECTION

• Carter wanted to represent Americans suspicious of entrenched bureaucracies and public officials 

• Had no real overall vision for government → ambitious legislative agenda with reforms of tax and welfare systems were not passed by congress

HIGH INTEREST RATES

• Carter reduced unemployment by rasing public spending and cutting federal taxes 

  • Inflation rose because fo energy prices increasing on West

  • Tight money and calls for voluntary restraint → inflation rises even more

• Middle Eats instability → major fuel shortage in US → major price increase

  • Carter proposals for energy crisis → “malise” speech → heped fuel charges that president was trying to blame American people for nations problems instead of his inability to handle these problems

HUMAN RIGHTS AND NATIONAL INTERESTS

• Carter foreign policy → defense of human rights rather than pursuit of selfish interests 

• Administration focus on turning over control of Panama Canal to Panama government

• Carter managing to develop peace treaty between Israel and Egypt

CAMP DAVID ACCORDS

• Carter held conference with Sadt and Begin → led to Carter to establish agreement for framework of Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty

  • Eventually led to Camp David Accords → formal peace treaty between Israel and Egypt

• Carter also attempts to improve relations with China and USSR with arms agreements

  • SALT II → restrictions of missiles and war heads of USSR and US (did lead to conservative opposition)

IRANIAN REVOLUTION

• US provided political and military support to Ira/ → make Iran a bulwark against USSR expansion

• Shah had major opposition among Iranians, Islamic clergies and religous groups disliked modernization and Westernization ideas

  • Led to major reevolution → shah fled as a result

  • New Shah appointed (US having hard time with relations with Iran because of the overthrowing of the Shah)

  • Armed militants surrounded NY embassy because of new Shah being treated there → led to some Americans to be held captive to return Shah for freedom

CARTER’S FALLING POPULARITY 

• USSR invades Afghanistan → Carter deemed this as a threat to world peace and imposed economic sanctions on USSR 

• Withdraw of SALT II

• Major anxieties as a result of this and economic problems → Carter became much less popular

RISE OF THE SUNBELT

• Sunbelt → Southeast and Southwest + California → experienced major population increase

  • Led to shifts in political climate → populist traditions in South and West = progressive politics 

    • Restatement of government growth and proliferating regulations and restrictions of liberal state (environmental laws, land use restrictions, etc)

SAGEBRUSH REBELLION

• Mobilized conservative opposition to environmental laws and development restrictions 

  • Depicted West as a victim of government control 

  • Members angry about large amounts of land federal government owned in western states and wanted land to be used for development

SUBURBAN CONSERVATIVISM

• Insulation of residents form contact with diverse groups 

  • Homogeneity of population, retail, and work spaces

EVANGELICAL CHRISTIANITY 

• Personal conversion through direct communication with God

  • Major impulse in religious revival 

• Billy Graham and Oral Roberts → attracted major followings for revivalism 

• Christianity served as abscess for commitment to racial and economic justices as well as world peace, other alarmed by these movements and deemed it as a spread of immorality and disorder 

  • Catholics saw Roe v Wade as negaitve, also allowing them to have Protestants join

• Mormon Church → → engaged with political struggles, such as the Equal rights Amendment added to constitution 

  • ERA → women and men have rights

RONALD REAGAN

• Became apart of the right, originally a liberal

• Gained leadership in Republican conservative wing

• Ford broe equilibrium between right wing and moderate wing of republican party

PROPOSITION 13

• Major citizens tax revolt in California 

  • Question on rolling back property tax rates → influenced more anti tx movements

• Republican conservatives struggled to halt and reserve growth of federal government → attacking government programs directly was not attractive

ATTACKING TAXES

• Right wing members separated taxes from what they supported (helped achieve in eroding government expansion and launching new programs) without blaming voters that supported the programs 

• Resentment towards taxes rose when economy weakened 

1980 ELECTION

• Regan won

• Republican Party had most control over Senate