ADV vitamins and minerals 2

Which form of vitamin D is commonly used in the fortification of foods and is derived from animals?

Cholecalciferol

True/False: Vitamin D3 is derived from plants

False — D2

True/false: Cooking, storing, and processing vitamin D can lead to its breakdown.

False

Someone with zollinger’s ellison syndrome can experience high vitamin D oxidation.

Yes

If vitamin D deficient, formation of calcidiol increases or decreases?

Decreases

What compound results from the hydroxylation of vitamin D3?

25 (OH) D3 — Calcidiol

In what two organs is vitamin D metabolized/hydroxylated?

Liver; Kidney

True/False: Because vitamin D3 is metabolized in the liver, it is also primarily stored in the liver.

False — Stored in blood

Vitamin D, because it must be taken up with fat, uses active transport to be absorbed in the enterocyte.

False — Passive transport

True/False: Vitamin D is normally found bound to albumin in the blood.

False — Bound to vitamin D binding proteins

For further hydroxylation of Vitamin D from calcidiol, _____ is bound to it to bring it to the _____.

Vitamin D binding proteins; kidney

True/False: Calcidiol is the active form of vitamin D

False

Someone who is calcium deficient will have increased plasma levels of _______

Calcitriol

Calcitriol is to the _______ and calcidiol is to the liver

Kidney

The skin has a compound of ______ that absorbs UVB rays that can be converted into vitamin D.

cholesterol

What rays are absorbed by sunscreen that gives it a screening effect in the absorption of vitamin D?

UVB

What two things (give abbreviation for one) in the skin absorb UVB rays and are in competition in darker skinned individuals?

DHC; melanin

During which season are UVB rays absorbed most by the ozone layer because it is passing through at an oblique angle?

Winter

True/False: As you age, DHC in the skin remains the same.

False

True/False: Decreased calcitriol production will increase complexes formed between calcium and calcium binding protein for absorption in the enterocyte

False

When calcium levels are low and the body begins to increase its release into the blood, what element must be exchanged to allow for release of calcium into the blood?

Magnesium

What hormone is released when calcium blood levels are too high for calcium an phosphorus bone deposition?

Calcitonin

When calcium levels are low in the blood, calcitriol can enhance calcium uptake through a concentration gradient by opening calcium channels independent of gene expression. What is this process called?

Transcaltachia

When in a hypocalcemic state, the PTH stimulates Vitamin D to transcribe the creation of ______ to carry calcium from the bone to where it needs to go.

Osteopontin

When calcium levels are high, ______ (a calcium binding protein) will accumulate calcium in one area and calcitonin will mineralize it into bone for storage.

Osteocalcin

True/False: Vitamin D can play a role in preventing psoriasis.

True

What three things does vitamin D help prevent the proliferation of?

Fibroblasts, keratinocytes, lymphocytes

What is the best source of dietary vitamin D?

Fish liver oils

What is the main distinction between tocopherols and tocotrienols?

Prescence of a double bond

Which of the two Vitamin E classes derived from plants has a saturated bond?

Tocopherols

What is the active and most naturally occuring form of Vitamin E?

D-alpha-tocopherol

Although oxygen and iron both oxidize Vitamin E, rendering it less stable and less safely reactive, which one will cause a greater extent of oxidation in a shorter amount of time?

Iron

Since the commercially made form of Vitamin E, supplement, is often exposed to atmospheric oxygen when taking the lid off, what to chemists do to stabilize it and prevent oxidation in the presence of atmospheric oxygen?

Esterify to form acetate

True/False: Vitamin E in acetate form is the commerically active form.

True

Can you derived tocopherols or tocotrienols from animal sources?

No

What are two rich plant sources of tocotrienols?

Bran and germ grains

True/False: If someone is consuming a salad made from a base of green leafy plants, some edamame, and dressing, which vitamin E class are they obtaining?

Both: tocopherols (green leafy base) + tocotrienols (legume)

Plant oils, such as vegetable oils, margarine, canola oil can provide tocopherols; however, which plant oil is the richest source?

Wheat germ oil

Are we able to absorb the commerical form of vitamin E in the jejunum by passive diffusion if there is no bile present?

No

Why must there be bile present to absorb the commerical form (esterified) of vitamin E in the jejunum?

To stimulate mucosal esterase to break it down.

True/False: A chylomicron is needed for movement of Vitamin E into the blood

True

Once in the blood, what is Vitamin E attached to (normally) to be transported throughout the blood?

Lipoproteins

What two lipoproteins is vitamin E bound to?

vLDL and LDL

True/False: Vitamin E enters the cell attached to the lipoprotein

False — Remvoed either by break down or when attached to LDL receptor

True/False: Vitamin E is carried throughout the blood via attachment to an alpha-TTP

False

What is Vitamin E attached to in the cell to be moved to cell membranes?

alpha-tocopherol transport protein

Since Vitamin E is brought to membranes in the cell via the alpha-TTP, its main function serves to prevent the _______ of phospholipids within the membranes.

Oxidation

Since Vitamin E works in preventing oxidation of cell membranes, its overall function is to act as an ______.

Antioxidant

What two organelles require a greater amount of vitamin E due to the presence of a higher number of PUFAs that need preventing of oxidation?

Mitochondria and ER

True/False: If you consume higher amounts of PUFAs and iron, you do not need more vitamin E as the amount you have will adequately prevent oxidation of the PUFAs by iron.

False

Vitamin E attched a ______ to stabilize OH radicals and ROO radical.

Hydrogen

What two radical compounds does vitamin E stabilize by placing hydrogens on them?

Hydroxy radicals (OH) and non-lipid peroxyl radicals (ROO)

The process by which vitamin E is actively hunting for a potential radical and preventing chain-propagation reactions from forming is known as:

Free radical scavenging

What 3 things does vitamin E need in order to be regnerated?

Ascorbic acid, glutathione, and NADPH

Among trocopherol’s ability to prevent degradation of membranes in the cell, it also works in preventing cancer by inhibiting __________ for becoming overstimulated and causing increased cell growth/proliferation

Protein Kinase C

True/False: Vitamin E helps in preventing heart disease, cataracts, and cancer, managment of diabetes, and increased synthesis of sperm and steroids.

True

If you are consuming legume and grain cereals containing bran and germ, you are helping to decrease the levels of cholesterol in the blood and tumor growth.

True due to the presence of tocotrienols

True/False: Someone who has abetalipoproteinemia will not be able to absorb fat soluble vitamins, and therefore will experience a deficiency in vitamin E

True

Hemolytic anemia, neurological ataxia, infetility, are all symptoms of what vitamin deficiency?

Vitamin E

True/False: Vitamin E toxicity can lead to increased hemorraging due to interfereing with Vitaming K function.

True

What are the 3 forms of vitamin K that are derived from plants, bacteria, and synthetic?

K1, K2, K3

K2 is derived in the colon from what bacteria?

E. Coli

What form of vitamin K constitutes the majority of K vitamin in the liver?

K2

True/False: Absorption of K1 is active

True

Which vitamin K forms are absorbed via passive transport in the colon or ileum?

K2 and K3

In order for the liver to use K3, it must be ______.

Alkylated

Does the bacteria in our body produce enough vitamin K to meet the daily requirement or do we absorb enough from dietary sources?

Bacteria produce enough

Vitamin K works in clotting factor synthesis by carboxylating _______ acid and forming clotthing factors II, VII, IX ,X

Glutamic

In order to carboxylate glutamic acid residues to form prothrombin, what enzyme needs to form a complex with vitamin K to add the carboxyl group?

vitamin k dependent y-glutamyl carboxylase

True/False: The body can form prothrombin in the presence of adequate vitamin K and vitamin K dependent y-glutamyl carboxylase

True