Units 1-2 World History

Surface Culture

The visible aspects of culture, such as food, clothing, and traditions.

Internal Culture

The underlying values, beliefs, and thought processes that shape a culture.

Universals

Cultural traits or practices that are common to all human societies.

Cultural Specifics

Unique cultural traits or practices that are specific to a particular culture.

Personals

Individual beliefs and practices that may differ from cultural norms.

Collectivism

A cultural orientation that emphasizes group goals and interdependence.

Individualism

A cultural orientation that emphasizes personal goals and independence.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own culture is superior to others, often leading to misinterpretation of other cultures.

Culture Shock

The feeling of disorientation experienced when encountering a different culture.

Proto Globalization

The early stages of global interconnectedness before modern globalization.

Status Hierarchies

Social structures that rank individuals or groups based on various factors such as wealth, power, or prestige.

Axial Age

A pivotal period in history (c. 800-200 BCE) marked by the emergence of major philosophical and religious ideas across different cultures.

Hinduism

A major world religion originating in India, characterized by a variety of beliefs and practices.

Buddhism

A religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) that emphasizes the path to enlightenment through meditation and ethical living.

Confucianism

A philosophical system based on the teachings of Confucius, focusing on morality, social relationships, and justice.

Daoism

A philosophical and religious tradition from China that emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao (the Way).

Judaism

One of the oldest monotheistic religions, centered on the covenant between God and the Hebrew people.

Christianity

A monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

Islam

A monotheistic religion founded by the Prophet Muhammad, emphasizing submission to the will of Allah.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

A secret 1916 agreement between Britain and France that divided the Ottoman Empire's territories.

Balfour Agreement

A 1917 statement by the British government supporting the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Refugee Camp

Temporary housing for displaced persons, often due to conflict or persecution.

Occupied Territories

Regions that are under military control by a foreign power, often leading to disputes over sovereignty.

Checkpoint

A designated location where security personnel control the movement of people and goods.

Land Deeds

Legal documents that prove ownership of land.

Silk Road

An ancient trade network connecting the East and West, facilitating cultural and economic exchange.

Timbuktu Trade Network

A historical trade route in West Africa known for its wealth and cultural significance.

The Crusades

A series of religious wars initiated by European Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control.

Mansa Musa's Hajj

The pilgrimage to Mecca undertaken by the Mali emperor, known for its display of wealth and influence.

The Mongols

A nomadic group that created one of the largest empires in history, known for their military prowess and trade networks.

Black Death

A devastating pandemic in the 14th century that resulted in the deaths of millions in Europe and Asia.

Ming Dynasty

A Chinese dynasty known for its trade expansion and cultural achievements, including maritime exploration.

Vikings

Norse explorers and traders known for their seafaring skills and voyages to North America.

Globalization

The process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries and cultures.

Homogenous

A society or culture that is uniform in nature, often lacking diversity.

Heterogenous

A society or culture that is diverse and composed of various elements.

Chanda's Four Motives

The four reasons for globalization:economic, political, cultural, and environmental.

Significant Dates

Key historical dates that mark important events in human history, such as 250,000 YA and 1948 CE.