INS3003 Exam 3 (FINAL) FSU

Three reasons why nuclear weapons aren't used

destructiveness, battlefield utility, wrong/immoral

three types of destructiveness discussed in class

firebombing, daisycutter, moab

Firebombing by the US was done in

Germany (Dresden, Hamburg) and Japan (Tokyo)

Daisycutters are bombs where the

trigger device hits first so the energy spreads horizontally rather than the ground taking the impact

MOAB means

mother of all bombs

Tactical nuclear weapons can be found on

landmines, warheads, torpedoes (because they are much smaller)

Nina Tannenwald coined the term

nuclear taboo

The only time nuclear weapons were used was

in Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the United States in 1945

Nuclear bombs are different because they keep killing through

post-war impact of radiation and fears of atmospheric contamination

Hiroshima: 70,000 people died instantly, 140,000 total later on, 5 years later, 200,000 died

Geneva Convention 1949

called for the protection of civilians in warfare

Norm of non-use

nobody should be using nuclear weapons

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 1968

seeks to control the possession and spread of offensive nuclear technology

5 powers with offensive nuclear weapons

US, UK, France, Soviet Union, China

The 5 NPT powers can not

help anyone else create nuclear weapons

The IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) monitors the

NPT

The Geneva Protocol 1925 prohibits

the use of gas as a method of warfare

(asphyxiating, poisonous, bacteriological)

Biological (1972) and Chemical Weapons (1993)

prohibited the production, development, and stockpiling of chemical and biological weapons

Nuclear triad

possession of nuclear capabilities on land, air, or sea

Having nuclear triad is key in deterrence

you can ensure you will strike back

Example of when deterrence build up is dangerous

Cuban Missile Crisis

Arms Control three points

balance of capabilities, mutual vulnerabilities, mutual assured destruction (MAD)

Partial Test Ban Treaty 1963

an attempt to prevent atmospheric contamination and reduce weapons by reducing the ways to test weapons

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT 1) 1968

tried to cap # of arms

Anti-ballistic Missile (ABM) treaty 1972

attempted to limit intercontinental interceptors, limiting defensive capabilities

(US withdrew in 2002)

SALT 2 1979

limiting production of new ICBMs, reducing stockpiles

Not accepted by Congress

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 1987

eliminates all ground-launched intermediate-range ballistic and cruise missiles. The US withdrew in 2019 because Russia was in noncompliance

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty 1996

no development at all. US didn't think it was possible to enforce, so it didn't ratify

The B61-13 Nuclear Gravity bomb

is currently under US development, 24x larger than Hiroshima

With the 1990s START talks, MAD changed to

MAP: mutual assured protection

START talks focus on

arms reductions

SDI or Star Wars was during which presidency?

Reagan

The UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 2021 is not very productive because

the 5 nations with nuclear powers did not sign it and are not willing to enter disarmament

nuclear proliferation

spread of nuclear weapons, technology, fissionable material, and nuclear weapons making information to the countries that do not possess these

In 2025, bad actors are presenting nuclear threats, NOKO

has renewed its testing of missiles, including ICBMs, and threatens to use its nukes

In 2025, bad actors are presenting nuclear threat, Russia

has threatened to use nukes in Ukraine and against powers that may intervene

In 2025, bad actors are presenting nuclear threats, China

threatened to nuke Japan in 2021

In 2025, bad actors are presenting nuclear threats, Iran

was very close to developing a nuclear weapon and threatened their use it before the successful US strike on its nuclear facilities

Huntington wrote

Clash of Civilizations

7 definite civilizations

North America

South America

Slavic or Orthodox

Islamic

Confuscian

Hindu

Shinto

1 possible and 1 added civilizations

Sub-Saharan and Buddhist

Huntington did not agree with Fukuyama's

conclusion. It was the story of the West

Hungton believes globalization does not bring the world together because

civilizational identities divide instead of unite

Weakened local and national identities gave way to

broader, civilizational identities (i.e., "industrialized west", "Islamic world", "asian values", religious fundamentalisms)

Globalization leads to greater

contact (i.e., immigration, economic contact/FDI)

western power may cause a clash of civilizations because

there may be a rejection of western power

basic differences may cause a clash of civilizations because

differences can be fundamental (cultures, religions)

5 causes of why we may have a clash of civilizations

Western power: Rejection of Western power

Basic differences: differences can be fundamental (cultures, religion)

Immutable culture: it is unchanging

Us versus them

Kin-country syndrome: friends of their own civilization

Huntington predicts that the civilizations that will clash are

Western and Islam (possible Islam-Confucian alliance)

why is it called islam's bloody borders

conflicts happen along "fault lines"

essentialism is

the view that objects have a set of attributes that are essential to their identity; they share a basic set of characteristics

Christianity shows

that it is both uniting and separating

for example, Protestant v Catholicism (3O Years War)

Some say differences ______ a civilization are more important than those ______ civilizations

within; between

Osama bin Laden:

head of Al-Qaeda

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi:

head of ISIS

Osama bin Laden declared

jihad on the US, backed up by Abu Bakar al-Baghdadi

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi said Islam was never a religion of

peace

Common religious origin between Muslims, Christians, and Jewish

Abraham is the father and share the Old Testament

Jews and Jesus

heretic (crucified on charges of blasphemy)

Jews and Christians

see Jesus as the divine son of God, the prophesied messiah and Savior

Jews and Muslims

see Jesus as a prophet (in a line of prophets where Muhammad was the ultimate prophet)

Muhammad was born in ________ and part of _________

Mecca; the Quraysh Tribe

Angel Gabriel's conversation with Muhammad is what the

Quran is

The Ummah was a

religious community

How many Islamic pillars

5

What are the pillars?

1. Prayer (5x a day, East towards Mecca)

2. Shahada (only one God: Allah, Muhammad is his prophet)

3. Alms (giving charity to the poor)

4. Fasting (Ramadan)

5. The Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)

American misconception of the pillars?

Jihad is not a pillar, like many Americans believe

Jihad does not mean holy war,

it means struggle (military jihad is holy war)

The Hadith

is the sayings of the prophet

The Sunnah

are the life/practices/traditions - based on Muhammad's life

The Sharia

is Islamic religious law

Muhammad was the founder of

political Islam (no separation of church and state)

Muhammad's 3 roles

political ruler, religious leader, conqueror

Caliph is

successor

First successor of Muhammad

Abu Bakr, father in law

Second successor of Muhammad

General Umar, chosen by Bakr

Third successor of Muhammad

Uthman, chosen by Umar

Fourth successor of Muhammad

Ali, cousin and son-in law

the Shittes believe the first real successor of Muhammad is

Ali, they are the party of Ali

the 4 uniting bonds

religion (Islam), language (Arabic), law (Sharia), economy (Trade with benefits)

Umayyads believed successor should be

voted in from Muslim community, keeping religion purity and adherence

Legitimists believed successor should be

a blood relative of Muhammad, therefore they reject the first 3 successors

Umayyad caliphate was the _____ age of Islam

golden, height of religion and language spread

Abbasid caliphate had _______ influence

Persian, some territory was lost but had Baghdad

What was Baghdad?

a major city with developed arts, literature, science, and math. influential and important figures would travel to Baghdad

The Selijuk Turks took Baghdad, making the caliphate

purely a religion, not political (no more political Islam)

Crusades began after the Battle of

Manzikert, Turks defeated the Byzantine Empire

The Mongols destroyed the

Abbaside caliphate and burned Baghdad to the ground

The Mamluk Sultanate is also known as the

Shadow caliphate, defeated by Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire brought back

political Islam and advancements in law and philosophy due to the diversity

Mustafa Kemal is aka

Ataturk

Ataturk abolished the Ottoman Caliphate and with that,

states were created, destroying the Ummah

Israel is considered

a Western creation

Turkey is a _____ area in Huntington's civilizations

grey

4 key components of the secularization of Turkey

1. Destroyed Islam's 4 unting bonds

2. Got rid of political Islam, not Islam

3. Islam out of schools and the law/courts

4. Created Turkish script, not Arabic

Internal-Fundamentalism

Got rid of religious additions and went back to the original interpretation of the Quran and Muhammad

Responses range from

rejection and confrontation to admiration and imitation

Role of the caliphate in radicalization

some want to revive its power; ISIS claimed to have restored it under their rule

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792)

was furious of modernization and adoption of foreign value

Wahhabism was not

militant from the beginning

Saudi Arabia has to support

Wahhabism, making it a double-edged sword