Micro bio chapters 14-15 OpenStax multiple chooce and True/False questions

A scientist discovers that a soil bacterium he has been studying produces an antimicrobial that kills gram-negative bacteria. She isolates and purifies the antimicrobial compound, then chemically converts a chemical side chain to a hydroxyl group. When she tests the antimicrobial properties of this new version, she finds that this antimicrobial drug can now also kill gram-positive bacteria. The new antimicrobial drug with broad-spectrum activity is considered to be which of the following?

semisynthetic

Which of the following antimicrobial drugs is synthetic?

sulfanilamide

Which of the following combinations would most likely contribute to the development of a superinfection?

long-term use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials

Which of the following routes of administration would be appropriate and convenient for home administration of an antimicrobial to treat a systemic infection?

oral

Which clinical situation would be appropriate for treatment with a narrow-spectrum antimicrobial drug?

treatment of strep throat caused by culture-identified Streptococcus pyogenes

Which of the following terms refers to the ability of an antimicrobial drug to harm the target microbe without harming the host?

selective toxicity

Which of the following is not a type of β-lactam antimicrobial?

glycopeptides

Which of the following does not bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit?

tetracyclines

Which of the following antimicrobials inhibits the activity of DNA gyrase?

nalidixic acid

Which of the following is not an appropriate target for antifungal drugs?

cholesterol

Which of the following drug classes specifically inhibits neuronal transmission in helminths?

avermectins

Which of the following is a nucleoside analog commonly used as a reverse transcriptase inhibitor in the treatment of HIV?

azidothymidine

Which of the following is an antimalarial drug that is thought to increase ROS levels in target cells?

artemisinin

Which of the following resistance mechanisms describes the function of β-lactamase?

drug inactivation

Which of the following resistance mechanisms is commonly effective against a wide range of antimicrobials in multiple classes?

efflux pump

Which of the following resistance mechanisms is the most nonspecific to a particular class of antimicrobials?

efflux pump

Which of the following types of drug-resistant bacteria do not typically persist in individuals as a member of their intestinal microbiota?

CRE (Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae)

In the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test, the _______ of the zone of inhibition is measured and used for interpretation.

diameter

Which of the following techniques cannot be used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of an antimicrobial drug against a particular microbe?

Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test

The utility of an antibiogram is that it shows antimicrobial susceptibility trends

in a localized population

Which of the following has yielded compounds with the most antimicrobial activity?

soil

Narrow-spectrum antimicrobials are commonly used for prophylaxis following surgery

False

β-lactamases can degrade vancomycin.

False

Echinocandins, known as “penicillin for fungi,” target β(1→3) glucan in fungal cell walls.

True

If drug A produces a larger zone of inhibition than drug B on the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test, drug A should always be prescribed.

False

The rate of discovery of antimicrobial drugs has decreased significantly in recent decades.

True

Which of the following would be a sign of an infection?

fever

Which of the following is an example of a noncommunicable infectious disease?

food poisoning due to a preformed bacterial toxin in food

During an oral surgery, the surgeon nicked the patient’s gum with a sharp instrument. This allowed Streptococcus, a bacterium normally present in the mouth, to gain access to the blood. As a result, the patient developed bacterial endocarditis (an infection of the heart). Which type of disease is this?

iatrogenic

Which period is the stage of disease during which the patient begins to present general signs and symptoms?

prodromal

A communicable disease that can be easily transmitted from person to person is which type of disease?

contagious

Which of the following is a pathogen that could not be identified by the original Koch’s postulates?

Human immunodeficiency virus

Pathogen A has an ID50 of 50 particles, pathogen B has an ID50 of 1,000 particles, and pathogen C has an ID50 of 1 × 10⁶ particles. Which pathogen is most virulent?

pathogen A

Which of the following choices lists the steps of pathogenesis in the correct order?

exposure, adhesion, invasion, infection

Which of the following would be a virulence factor of a pathogen?

a surface protein allowing the pathogen to bind to host cells

You have recently identified a new toxin. It is produced by a gram-negative bacterium. It is composed mostly of protein, has high toxicity, and is not heat stable. You also discover that it targets liver cells. Based on these characteristics, how would you classify this toxin?

exotoxin

Which of the following applies to hyaluronidase?

It acts as a spreading factor.

Phospholipases are enzymes that do which of the following?

degrade cell membranes to allow pathogens to escape phagosomes

Which of the following is a major virulence factor for the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus?

capsule

Which of the following pathogens undergoes antigenic variation to avoid immune defenses?

Plasmodium